PARKGAfE. 



PARNASSOS. 



habitations. Two hospitals have been lately established by decree of 

 the Emperor for receiving the workmen maimed or disabled at the 

 great works in course of construction in the capital. There are a 

 variety of other institutions for affording relief, and vast sums are 

 distributed every year through the medium of the clergy, and the 

 Brotherhood of St-Vincent de Paul, a lay society, for visiting the 

 poor at their own houses. 



Paris contains numerous places of amusement. There are several 

 theatres, the most remarkable of which are the Acade'mie-Irape'riale- 

 He-Musique, or French Opera House; the Italian Opera; the Opera- 

 Comique ; the Theatre-Francais ; the Odeon ; the Theatre-Lyrique ; the 

 Gymnase; Du-Vaudeville; Des-Varietes, 4c. The principal equestrian 

 spectacles are the Cirque-Napoleon in the Boulevard-du-Temple ; the 

 Cirque in the Champs-Elyseea, aspacious polygonal edifice built of stone 

 and surmounted by a bronze horse ; and the Hippodrome outside the 

 barrier, opposite the south front of the triumphal arch de-1'Etoile. . 

 The last has seats for 10,000 spectators. Public balls are common | 

 in summer and winter ; and the gardens of the Tuileries and of the 

 Palais-Royal, the Bois-de-Boulogne, and the Boulevards are much 

 frequented by promenade. 



Among the prisons of Paris, besides Sainte-Pe'lagie before named, 

 St.-Lazare in the Rue-Faubourg-St-Denis, which was formerly the house 

 of the congregation for foreign missions, established by St-Vincent 

 of Paul, whose remains originally deposited in the chapel of St-Lazare, 

 were translated from Notre-Dame to the chapel of the LazarisU in 

 the Kue-de-Sevres after 1830. Other prisons are La-Force, near the 

 Place-Royale ; La-Roquette in the Faubourg-St-Antoine ; the Abbaye 

 in the Rue-Sainte- Marguerite, on the left bank of the Seine. 



(Dulaure ; Malte-Brun ; Balbi ; IHctionnaire Gioffraphiqve Unirenel ; 

 Parit and itt J/utorical Seenei; IHctionnaire de la France; Revue 

 Mmieipale ; Official Paper* piblithed in the Mmitew ; Guide to 

 Parit. Ac.) 



PARKGATE. [CntsniRE.] 



PARKHURST. WIGHT, ISL or.] 



I'AliKSTnN'K. [DORSETSHIRE.] 



PARMA, Duchy of, a sovereign state in Northern Italy, which 

 extends from the Apennines to the Po, and forms part of the great 

 basin of that river. It is bounded N. by Austrian Italy, from 

 which it is divided by the Po ; E. by the duchy of Modena ; W. by 

 the Sardinian territory; and S. partly by the Riviera of Genoa, and 

 partly by Tuscany. The length of the duchy from east to west is 

 about 60 miles, and its breadth is from 40 to 45 miles ; the area is 

 3891 square miles, and the population in 1852 amounted to 502,841. 

 Tbe state of Parma consuts of five provinces : 1. Parma, between 

 the Enzn and the Taro, population 143.898 ; 2. Borgo Sen Donnino, 

 between the Taro and the Riglio, population 142,540 ; 3. Piaoenza, 

 between the Riglio and the Bardoneggia, population 183,973 ; 4. Val 

 di Taro, on the Apennines, population 50,952 ; and 5. Lunegiana 

 Parmeaana, also on the Apennines about Pontremoli, the chief town, 

 population 81,478. In consequence of changes that followed the death 

 of the ex-empress Maria Louisa, Parma obtained the territories of 

 Pontremoli and Lunigiana, which formerly belonged to Tuscany and 

 Modena. ijnattaUa, which was formerly united to Parma, now belongs 

 to MODISA. 



Tbe mountain region, which constitutes about one-third of the whole 

 country, is rugged, poor in produce, snd bleak in winter; the forests 

 of chestnut-trees, which clothe the sides of the mountains, supply the 

 inhabitants with their chief article of food. Thousands of these high- 

 landers quit their home* every year, many to seek employment in 

 other and often distant countries, whilst others migrate with their 

 flocks to pew the winter in the low lands. The lower hills and plains, 

 which extend between the Apennines and the Po, and along the 

 southern bank of that river, are very fertile, well cultivated, and 

 populous; the lands have the advantage of a regular system of artificial 

 irrigation. Tbe pasture-kadi are remarkably rich. The principal 

 products an corn, pulse, fruit, wine, silk, wool, remarkably fine 

 eattk, and poultry. Good cheese is made, but no Parmesan. [Loin.] 

 Tbe mineral wealth of the country nmuieli of iron, copper, salt, stone* 

 for lithography, marblr, and alabaster. The manufactures consist of 

 paper, gunpowder, woollen staffs, glass, and delft ware. 



Tbe Ugurian Apennines enter the state of Parma from the west ; 

 the central ridge runs in aa sas>iru direction, separating the waters of 

 the Taro, which run into the Po, from those of the Msgra, which flow 

 into the Mediterranean, and detaching various offsets to the north- 

 east towards the Po. Between these offsets flow numerous streams, 

 all of which are affluents of the Po ; aad though nearly dry in seasons 

 of drought, become impetuous torrenta during rains. Among these 

 streams are the Tidooe and the Trebbia, a larger stream, which 

 joins the Po above Piacrnza. On the banks of the Trebbia river 

 Hannibal defeated the consul Sempronius ; and here also Suwarrow 

 defeated the French under Maodonald, after three days' desperate 

 fcrhting, in June, 1799. East of the Trebbia flows the Nura, which 

 enters the Pu below Piacenza. Farther east is the Taro, the largest 

 river of the state of Parma, which rises in the Ligurian Apennines, 

 and after flowing through a deep and long valley called by its name, 

 enters the plain of Parma new Castel Guelfo, and joins the Po after 

 a winding course of about CO miles. A road leads from the Val .di 

 Taro to PonUetnoU and Banana in the valley of the Magra, passing over 



the Apennines of La Cisa at an elevation of about 3000 feet. The other 

 rivers of the duchy are the Parma, which flows through the capital, 

 and the Enza, which forma the boundary between Parma and Modena. 



The principal towns are : PARMA. PIACENZA. Borgo San Donnino, 

 a bustling town in a fertile plain, with 3000 inhabitants, a bishop's 

 see, a gymnasium, and a clerical seminary. JJorgo Taro, the chief 

 town of the province of Val di Taro, in the highlands of the Apennines, 

 with about 1000 inhabitants, two elementary schools, and an old castle. 

 Pontremoli, on the southern slope of the Apennines, is divided into an 

 upper and a lower town ; the former is defended by massive fortifi- 

 cations and on old castle. The lower town is well built, and has many 

 good houses : the cathedral is the principal building. The population 

 numbers about 8500. Some silks and Ijnen are manufactured. 



After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, the Congress of Vienna decided 

 that the duchy of Parma and Piacenza should bo the apanage of his 

 wife, Maria Louisa of Austria, during her lifetime ; that after her 

 death the Duke of Lucca should be restored to his paternal states of 

 Parma, which had been incorporated with the French empire ; and 

 that Lucca should be annexed to the grand duchy of Tuscany. On 

 the death of the ex-empress, Maria Louisa, in 1847, the territorial 

 changes intended by the Congress of Vienna were made, and certain 

 districts were exchanged with Modena for others on the left bank of 

 the Enza, so as to leave that river the boundary between these two 

 states. During the war between Sardinia and Austria, in 1848-9, the 

 Sardinians twice occupied the duchy of Parma. In consequence of the 

 death by assassination in the public street of the late Duke of Parma, 

 Charles IIL, in 1852, the state is now governed by his widow, the 

 Duchess of Parma, a sister of the Duke of Bordeaux. 



The revenue of the duchy amounts to about 9,500,000 lire, or 

 francs; the expenditure ia about the same. The military force 

 maintained numbers 8597 men and officers. 



PARMA, the capital of the duchy of Parma, situated in a fine plain 

 about twelve miles south of the Po, is rather more than four miles in 

 circumference, and is surrounded by walls and ditches : it is a bishop's 

 see, and has about 40,000 inhabitants. Tbe streets are wide and 

 straight. Parma has a lyceum, with chairs of theology, medicine, and 

 philosophy ; a secondary or grammar school ; two colleges for boarders, 

 besides a military college ; a school for the arts, and several elementary 

 schools. The museum of Parma contains 20,000 medals, and many 

 inscriptions, bronzes, and other remains of antiquity, dug up at Veleia, 

 an ancient town situated at the foot of the Apennines, not far from 

 the Nura. 



Most of the churched of Parma are adorned with paintings by Cor- 

 reggio. The most remarkable buildings are the ducal palace, which 

 contains a library of 90,000 volumes and a gallery of good paintings ; 

 the cathedral ; the Baptistery, which is built of marble, and adorned with 

 numerous statues and frescoes ; the churches of St John the Evangelist ; 

 L'Annnnziata; and La Madonna della Steccata, which contains the 

 tombs of the dukes of Parma. In the convent of St. Paul is an apart- 

 ment exquisitely painted by Correggio, and the Palazzo del Oiardino 

 is adorned with frescoes by Agostino Carracci and Cignani. The great 

 Farneae theatre, one of the largest in Italy, has not been used for many 

 years, and is now in a dilapidated state. A new theatre, of more 

 moderate dimensions, was finished in 1829. Several palaces belonging 

 to the nobility also deserve notice. 



Parma has a Monte di Pieta, founded in 1488 by Father Benardino 

 da Feltre, a philanthropist who invented this kind of institution for 

 the accommodation and relief of the labouring classes. Among the 

 other beneficient institutions of Parma are an hospital for incurable 

 patients, a school of mechanical trades, a house for the poor, another 

 for the insane, and a school for mid wives, all founded by the duchess, 

 Maria Louisa. Foreign consuls reside at Parma. 



Parma was once a town of the Etruscans, and afterwards of the 

 Boii; it was made a Roman colony at the same time aa Mutina 

 (Modena) B.C. 13. (Livy, xxxix. 55.) Of tho ancient town nothing 

 remains except two military columns, which are in the little square 

 near the church of La Steccata; a sarcophagus; and a cippus, with an 

 inscription, in which Parma is styled ' Colouia Augusta. These two 

 last monuments stand in front of the cathedral. 



PARNAHYBA. [BRAZIL.] 



PARNASSOS (nafmaatt), the name of a mountain-chain in Pliocis, 

 which extends in a north-easterly direction from the country of the 

 Locri Ozolre to Mount (Eta, and in a south-westerly direction through 

 the middle of Phocis till it joins Mount Helicon on the borders of 

 Bosotia. The name was usually restricted to the lofty mountain upon 

 which Delphi was situated. It is called at the present day Liakura. 

 Parnassus is the highest mountain in central Greece. Strabo says 

 (viii. 379) that it could be seen from the Acrocorinthus in Corinth, 

 and also states (viii. 409) that it was of the same height as Mount 

 Helicon ; but in the latter point he was mistaken, according to Colonel 

 Leake, who informs us (' Travels in Northern Greece,' vol. ii. p. 527), 

 that Liakura is some hundreds of feet higher than Paleoruna, which is 

 the highest point of Helicon. Parnassus was covered the greatest part 

 of the year with snow, whence the epithet of ' snowy,' so generally 

 applied to it by the poets. (Soph., ' (Ed. Tyr.,' 473 ; Eurip., ' Phcou.,' 

 214.) The mountain is sometimes called ' the two-headed,' from two 

 lofty rocks below which Delphi was situated. Between these two 

 rocks the celebrated Castalian fount flows from the upper part of ths 



