PA UXDON. 



PAS-DE-CALAia 



H 



IU* *prto UM dMtaao* of M stadia fn 



Above 



Delphi, was the Coryoiaa 



to Pan and UM CoryctaM nymph* When UM Persians 

 * Delphi, a treat part of UM inhabttant. took 

 ( Herod., riii ST.) U is d**erib*d by a modem 

 tmv.ll*r (Raik**, in Walpole's Collection. 1 4c,, voL i p. 313), as 

 MO Ink kw and Dearly MO feet wide. Above this cave, and near 

 UM summit of ParuMstu, at UM distance of 80 stadia from Delphi, 



Ifatfcis, 



(Pam. x. 3.'. a. ), was UM town of Tithona or Neon, UM rains of 

 which ar. near the modem vill. of V.liU, For an account of the 

 ftoww in ttto iMsMibottrfaootl of th*t PWIMMMUL MO PBOOK. 



PAJUTOON. [o.] 

 PAKOPAMISU&V (At 

 PARO8, 00* of UM larger CycUdea,'ii situated w-st of Naxoa, from 

 whieh U i* Mparaied by a ohannel six mile* wide Paro* is estimated 

 to bo about oor-hair UM site of Naxo* ; it is about 86 mile* in circum- 

 feraooa, UM ortace is hilly ; H produce* corn, abundance of fruit, 

 and Us flock* of *hep and herd* of swine, and plenty of partridge* 

 and other ganv. The population, according to Thiertch (' ^Ctat de U 

 Or*ce >, I* about 4000. The head town of Pan*, called Parichia, is 

 on UM site of the ancient town, in the inner recce* of a bay on the 

 orU> w*> coast of the inland. The principal harbour is on the 

 t oout, and i* the flnsmt in the archipelago. The mountain 

 ow called Capr. seo, near tho centre of the Uland, abounds 

 marble, which was often used by the ancient sculptors, 

 mror five 



. . ' : 



amralOi 



Tillage, on the island, besides the capital, and 

 tie* acattered about 

 Paroi U avid to have been colonised by the Cretans. It attained a 

 great rtagrsn of prosperity by it* maritime trade, and the chief town 

 was wealthy and w,-ll fortified. When Darius invaded Greece, the 

 inhabitant, of Paro submitted to the Persians, and furnished sailors 

 for th Permian fleet ; in consequence of which, after the battle of 

 Marathon, Uiltiades went with an Athenian squadron to attack the 

 uland. bat he tailed in the attempt, and received the wound of which 

 tw shortly after died. When the Franks took poneuion of Conston- 

 tiBople, Pane, like most of the Cyclade*, became subject to the 

 Venetian*. It formed for a time part of the dukedom of Naxos, but 

 afterwards became a separate principality of the Venetian family of 

 Veairro, under which it remained till Barbarocsa took it in the 16th 

 oentary. IB the latter part of the 18th century the Russians took 

 of Paro*, and made it for a time the station of their fleet. 



. 



It now belong* to the kingdom of Greece. The Greek inscription called 

 UM ' Parian Chronicle,' was found in this island. West of Faros, and 

 separated from it by a narrow channel, is the smaller island called 

 Antiparo*. [AxnrAlun] 



Cola of Paras. BrltUh Mtucam. Actual tlxe. 



ICSONSTOWN, or DIRK, Kings County, Ireland, a markeMown 

 and th seat of Poor Uw Union, in rituaU-d on the right bank of 

 the UtUe Ilroena, in 53' 5' N. lafc, T 64' W. long., distant by road 

 tl mites aw. from Tullamon, and 78 miles WJ8.W. from Dublin. 

 The population in 1841 was 6640, besides 1611 inmatee of the work- 

 boose. Panonstown Poor-Law Unioa comprises 89 electoral divisions, 

 with an ana of 220,438 acre., and a population in 1841 of 67,860 ; in 



. - ; . |j 



This town early became the chief seat of the O'Carrols. The Danes 

 tpatedly attacked it In 1620 it was bestowed on Lawrence Parsons, 

 "V"""* '' "f Uk> P*>t proprietor, the Earl of Rosse. The town 

 i on both sides of the Birr, which here joini the Brosna. The 

 modern part of UM town contain, many handsome house*. The church 

 <snotod in 1816, i. of pouted architecture, with a tower 100 feet high. 

 Th. Roman Cstholio chapel is a spacious building in the same styl.- 

 wHh a spire 124 feet high. Thn is a second Roman Catholic chapel 

 which the service is performed in English. The Independents 



s. e nepenens 



. Baptists, and Quakers have chapels. There are 

 school^ and other* partially endowed ; a public library, 

 m, a aaviogi bank, and loan fund. A court-house, a fever 

 Jtepenauy, bridewell, and Union workhouse an in the town. 

 Unen is manufacture.!. There U a weekly market for corn. Fairs 

 f ?r!} fon . Uln "*7** r - Qwrtc' nd P*ty sessions are held. A 

 low Done pillar, standing in the square in the modem part of the 

 town, and supporting a itatue ,.f W.lliam, duke of Cumberland, was 

 eted is 1747 to oomnMOurafe tue victory of Culloden. Birr Castle, 

 which ha* bs*o rebuilt and improved by the preeent Earl of Roa*e,U 

 ofeM i to UM town, and, with it* towers and embattled walla, forms a 

 kin* ornament The ground* contain a laboratory for the prepa- 



> ' ~ Ub UP D 



PAKTHK'NIUS, the ancient name of the Cliati, a river of Anatolia, 

 also called Bartu from a town at it* mouth, which seems to 



retain the traces of the ancient name of the river. The river rises in 

 Mount Olgassys, and flows in a north-westerly direction into the Euxine, 

 separating Bithynia from Paphlagonia. The country through which 

 it Bow* is very fertile and beautiful. Ovid and Ammianus MarceUinus 

 (xxii. 8) speak of the Parthenius as a rapid stream ; and Xeuophon 

 (' Anab,' v. 6, . 9) says that it is impassable. It is mentioned in the 

 Iliad (U. 854). 



PA'RTHIA originally comprised a small and mountainous country 

 (Strabo, xi. p. 614) south-east of the Caspian Sea, between Hyrcania 

 and Aria; but the name was sometimes applied to the countries 

 included in the later Parthian empire. It is difficult to define the 

 boundoriea of Parthia proper, as they differed at various times. In 

 the time of Strabo (xi. 514) Parthia extended on the west as for as 

 Khogto and the Tapuri to the Caspian passes, and included the districts 

 of Komisede (Kuinis) and Choareue (Khuar). Pliny (vi. 29) says that 

 it was bounded E. by the Arii, S. by the Carmauii and Ariaui, W. by 

 the Pratite Medi, and N. by the Hyreani. 



The chief town of Parthia, and tho only one in the country of any 

 importance, was Hecatompylon, which, according to Strabo (xi. 514), 

 was 1260 stadia from the Caspian gates. Tho site of it is doubtful. 

 Some writers identify it with the modern Dainghan. 



The Porthians were apparently of Scythian origin. According to 

 Justin (xli. 1) their name signified in the Scythian language ' banished,' 

 or ' exiles.' The Partitions were subject to the Persian monarchy, and 

 in (Herod., iii. 93) the army of Xerxes they marched together with 

 the Chorasmii, Sogdi, Oandarii, and Dadicie (Herod., vii. U7); and in 

 that of the last Darius they were united with the Hyrcauii and Tapuri 

 under one commander (Arrian, iii 8). Under Alexander, Parthia and 

 Hyrcania together formed a satrapy (iii. 22). 



On the death of Alexander the Parthiaus espoused the nida of 

 Eumenes, and afterwards became subject successively to Autigonus 

 and the Seleucidoc, till about B.C. 256, when they threw oil' the 

 authority of the Syrian kings and were formed into an independent 

 kingdom under the rule of Arsaces I., from whom the succeeding 

 kings received the title of Arsacidxc. His reign was the beginning 

 of the great Parthian empire, which was gradually increased at the 

 expense of the Syrian kingdom in the west and the Bactrian in the 

 east ; and at length extended from the Euphrates to the Indus, and 

 from the Oxus to the Persian Gulf. 



The Parthian empire lasted from B.C. 256 to A.I). 226. Under 

 Arsaces I., Mithridates I., and Phraates II. the dominions of Purthia 

 were extended us far as the Euphrates and the Indus ; after the defeat 

 of Antiochus Sidetes of Syria in B.C. 130, the Parthions were constantly 

 engaged in wars with the nomad tribes of central Asia, who, after 

 the destruction of the Greek kingdom in Bactria, attempted to obtain 

 possession of the western parts of Asia. Tigraues, king of Armenia, 

 also obtained some successes over Mithridates II., but after his conquest 

 by the llomans the Parthiaus again acquired the ascendancy. The 

 invasion of Crassus during the reign of Orodes terminated in the 

 death of the Roman general and the destruction of his army, B.o. 53, 

 and the Partitions obtained a great increase of power. In the war 

 between Caesar and Pompey they took the side of Pompey ; and after 

 the death of Caesar they sided with Brutus and Cassius. In B.C. 37 

 Orodes was murdered by his son Phraates IV., and from this time the 

 history of Parthia is a succession of civil wars, with occasional inter- 

 ventions by the Romans, until A.D. 217, when Artaxerxes, who had 

 served with great reputation in the army of Artabanus, the last king 

 of Parthia, took advantage of the weakened state of the monarchy to 

 found a new dynasty. He represented himself as a descendant of 

 the ancient kings of Persia, and called upon the Persians to recover 

 their independence. This call was readily responded to; a large 

 Persian army was collected; the Parthians were defeated in three 

 great battles, and Artaxerxes succeeded to all the dominions of the 

 Partition kings, and became the founder of the new Persian empire, 

 which is usually known by that of the Sassanidic. 



PARTICK. [LANAHKSUIBE.] 



PARTNEY. [LINCOLNSHIRE.] 



PAS-DE-CALAIS, a department in the north of France, is bounded 

 E. and N.E. by the department of Nord, N.W. and W. by the Strait 

 of Dover and the English Channel, and S. by the department of 

 Somme. It extends between 50 2' and 51 N. lat., 1 33' and 3 10' 

 E. long. ; from north-west to south-east it is 86 miles long, and its 

 mean breadth is 38 miles. The area is 25504 square miles. The 

 population in 1846 was 685,021 ; in 1851 it amounted to 692,994 ; 

 which gives 271'70 inhabitants to the square mile, being 97'12 above 

 the average per square mile for all France. The deportment is formed 

 out of the greater part of the former province of Artois, and portions 

 of Lower Picardie. In ancient times the territory of Pas-de-Calais 

 was inhabited by the Ambiani, the Moriiti, and the Atrebates. The 

 southern district between the Anthie and the Canche formed part of 

 the territory of the Ambiani, whose capital was Samarobriva, now 

 Amiens. The Morini dwelt along the sea coast; and tho Atrebates 

 inland to the south of the preceding. Nemetacum, now Arras, was the 

 capital of the Atrabates. Tarnenna, now Thdrouanne, was the chief 

 town of tho Morini ; and Qcsoriacum, afterwards called Bononia, now 

 Boulogne, also belonged to them. Cassar's Itius Portus is Witsand, 

 r Wissant, east of Cape Griuez, and the Itium Promontorium is Cape 

 Urinez itaelf, which U now surmounted by a lighthouse. 



