105 



PELION, MOUNT. 



PEMBROKESHIRE. 



103 



twenty islands, the largest of which is that of Babeltoup, nearly sixty 

 miles in circumference. There are no rivers in the islands, but the 

 inhabitants are supplied with water from brooks and ponds. Cattle, 

 goats, and hogs are abundant in the islands ; wild fowl is numerous ; 

 fish are plentiful ; turtles abound, as well as shell-fish, such as oysters, 

 mussels, and others. The principal objects of cultivation are yams, 

 bananas, and cocoa-nut trees, and most other vegetable productions of 

 tropical growth. The inhabitants are of the Malay race. Their huts 

 are made in a very simple way, but they show some ingenuity in the 

 construction of their boats. Their cooking utensils are made of clay, 

 and are burned in the same manner as our coarse pottery. 



PELION, MOUNT. [THESSALT.] 



PELLA- [MACEDONIA.] 



PELOPONNE'SUS, that is, ' the Island of Pelops,' the ancient name 

 of the Morea, derived its name from Pelops, who is said by later Greek 

 mythologiats to have been of Phrygian origin. Thucydides (L 9) 

 simply observes that he came from Asia, and brought great wealth 

 with him. He married Hippodameia, the daughter of (Euomaus, king 

 of I'ifa in Elis, and succeeded to his kingdom. Agamemnon and 

 Menelaus were descended from him. 



The word Peloponnesus doea not occur in Homer. The original 

 name of the peninsula appears to have been Apia. In the time of 

 Thucydides (i. 1 0) the Peloponnesus appears to have been divided into 

 five parts, namely, Lribonica, Messenia, Argolis, Achaea, and Arcadia ; 

 but in that case, as Pausanias has remarked (v. 1, 1), Elis, which for 

 many reasons ought to be made a separate division, must have been 

 included in Acbica or Arcadia. Modern writers usually make six 

 divisions Achaca, Elis, Arcadia, Argolis, Laconica, and Messenia ; to 

 which Sicyonia, or Corinthia, is sometimes added. 



The ancient history of the Peloponnesus forms parts of the history of 

 GRUCE. The physical geography of the country is given under MOREA, 

 ACU.EA, ARCADIA, ARGOS, ELIS, LACOMCA, and MESSKMA. 



I'KI.TU.V. [DCBHAJLJ 



PKLUSIUM. [EGYPT.] 



i'Ku;.ssi\. [LoiBK.] 



PKMBREY. LCAERXAKTHEXSHIRE.] 



I'KMBKIDGE. [HEREFORDSHIRE.] 



PEMBROKE, Pembrokeshire, South Wales, a market-town, muni- 

 cipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 is situated on a navigable creek of Milford Haven, in 51 40' N. lat, 

 40 54' W. long., distant 264 miles W. by N. from London. The 

 population of the borough in 1351 was 10,107. The borough is 

 governed by 6 aldermen and 1 8 councillors, of whom one is mayor ; 

 and, in conjunction with Tenby, Wiston, and Milford, returns one 

 member to the Imperial Parliament. The livings are in tBe archdea- 

 conry and diocese of St. David's. Pembroke Poor Law Union contains 

 29 parishes and townships, with an area of 69,804 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 22,874. 



Pembroke consists chiefly of one long irregularly-built street, 

 gradually ascending westward to the castle, which stands on a bold 

 rocky promontory about forty feet high. In the reign of Henry I. 

 the fortress came into the possession of Gilbert Strongbow, earl of 

 Pembroke. It sustained a protracted siege in 1648, when the Royalists 

 umlcr colonels Ltugharne, Powell, and Poyer, held out against Crom- 

 well till compelled by famine to surrender. The circular keep is 75 

 feet high, and 163 feet in circumference at the base ; the walls are 14 

 feet thick. Under the keep is a spacious natural cavern called the 

 Wogan. Henry VIL was born in Pembroke Castle. The important 

 naval establishment Pater, or Pembroke dockyard, is described under 

 Pater in the article PEMBROKESHIRE. In the town are SL Michael's 

 church, of Norman date ; two other churches of the Establishment ; 

 chapels for Wesleyan and New Connexion Methodists, Independents, 

 and Baptists; National schools; and a savings bank. The Free 

 Grammar school has been closed for many yean. Markets are held 

 on Wednesday and Saturday, and {airs seven times in the year. A 

 county court is held. 



I lirlOKE-SHIRE, a maritime county, forming the extreme west 

 of Sooth Wales, is bounded E. by the counties of Caennarthen and 

 Cardigan, on the other sides by the Irinh and Bristol channels. It 

 lies between 51 36' and 52 7' N. lat., 4 30' and 6 20' W. long. The 

 length from Strumble Head on the north coast to St. Gowan's Head 

 on the south, is 31 miles; the avenge width from east to west 

 hardly exceeds 21 miles. The area is 628 square miles, or 401,691 

 acres. The population in 1S41 was 88,044 ; in 1851 it was 94,140. 



Surface Corut, Rinri. The surface is generally undulating. The 

 county is surrounded on three sides by the sea, and intersected by the 

 great sestuary of Milford Haven ; the course of the riven is therefore 

 short, and none of them is large. There is little timber except in 

 sheltered situations. The PreceUi Mountains, a range running from 

 near Fish guard to the borders of Caermartbenshire, are about 10 miles 

 in length; Cwm Cerwyn, the highest summit, is 1754 feet above 

 the sea. 



The river Teivy, which forms the northern boundary, runs into the 

 sea between Cardigan Island and Cardigan Head; its mouth is impeded 

 by a dangerous bar. Salmon abound in the Teivy. The fishermen ply 

 their trade in light wicker boats or coracles, covered with skins or 

 tarpaulin. Fiahjruard Bay, at the mouth of the Gwain, is about throe 

 miles across, with from 30 to 70 feet of wafer and good holding-ground 



of sand and mud ; it is open to the north-west. Off St. David's Head, 

 51 54' N. lat, 5 17' W. long., are seven rocky islets called the Bishop 

 and his Clerks, and to the south-east of these Ramsey Isle. The 

 coast here turns to the south, and shortly after forms St. Bride's Bay, 

 about 8 miles broad and as many in depth ; the projection of the 

 mainland which forms the southern boundary of Bride's Bay, termi- 

 nates southward in the peninsula of Dale, which shelters Milford Haven 

 on the west There are two lighthouses on St. Anne's Head at the north 

 entrance of Milford Haven. This great aestuary is about twenty 

 miles in length; the mouth is about two miles wide, and it varies 

 from that width to half a mile throughout. It contains numerous 

 bays and creeks, completely land-locked, and forms oue of the finest 

 harbours in the world. Farther south are the Stack Rocks, high 

 insulated cliffs which in spring and summer are the resort of innumer- 

 able sea-birds : a new tower has been recently erected on the Stack 

 for the protection of Pembroke dockyard. On this part of the coast 

 are the ancient chapel cell and holy well of St. Gowan, situated at the 

 bottom of a-terrific chasm in the rocks. The southern coast presents 

 a wild and inhospitable appearance : the carboniferous limestone forms 

 precipitous cliffs 150 feet high. Close to the Castle Hill at Tenby, on 

 the west shore of Caennarthen Bay, is the small rocky island of St. 

 Catherine's, on which are the ruins of a chapel. Hanaey island lies 

 south of St David's Head. It rises high out of the sea, is three miles 

 long from north to south, about a mile broad, and terminates at each 

 end in a precipitous hill. The island is the property of the Bishop of 

 St. David's. Falcons and an immense number of sea-birds breed upon 

 it : rabbits are plentiful. There is a solitary farm-house on the island. 

 Caldy island, 2$ miles S. from Tenby, is above a mile long, and about 

 half a mile broad, and the greater part of its surface is included in a 

 well-cultivated farm. In the reign of Henry I., Robert de Tours 

 founded a priory here, of which there are still some remains. Lime- 

 stone is quarried ; oysters, crabs, and lobsters abound round the island. 

 Caldy lighthouse bears a stationary light, with two tiers of reflectors. 

 St. Margarct'i island, which has been separated from Caldy by the 

 force of the sea, is perforated by vast caverns ; it is reached over a 

 ledge of rocks at low water of spring tides. Skomtr island contains 

 700 acres. There is a farm-house upon it, and multitudes of rabbits. 

 Skokham isle, separated from Skomer by Broad Sound, has an area of 

 about 200 acres, and is used chiefly as a sheepwalk. Rabbits are 

 numerous. 



Pembrokeshire has no rivers of importance. The two rivers Cleddau, 

 or Cleddy, are the principal : the eastern branch rises in the Precelli 

 Mountains ; the western, in the north-west part of the county, runs 

 by Haverfordwest, whence it is navigable for small vessels, and, 

 uniting with the East Cleddy about five miles below that town, falls 

 into Milford Haven. The other rivers are the Nevern, which empties 

 itself into the Bay of Newport, the Gwain at Fishguard, and the Solva 

 into St Bride's Bay, where it forms a small port. 



The principal common roads are the coach-road from London to 

 Pembroke ; the road from Caennarthen to Haverfordwest, St. David's, 

 Fishguard, and Newport to Cardigan ; the road from Tenby to Pem- 

 broke, and from Tenby northward through Narberth. There is a 

 railway from the coal-mines at Kingsmoor to the sea at Saundersfoot. 

 The South Wales railway runs from Caennarthen westward through 

 this county to Haverfordwest 



Geology, Mineralogy, >tc. If a line be drawn through the centre of 

 Pembroke-hire from east to west, we find the stratified rocks north of 

 that line composed of slates, grit, and shales ; to the south the older 

 rocks are surmounted by the Silurian rocks, old red-sandstone, carbon- 

 iferous limestone, and coal measures. The whole surface is greatly 

 diversified by trap-rocks bursting forth in many places, and altering 

 the structure of the sedimentary deposits. The carboniferous lime- 

 stone dips below the millstone-grit, forming a girdle rouuil it in the 

 eastern district, but disappears in the west The great coal-basin of 

 South Wales runs across the county, gradually narrowing as it approaches 

 St Bride's Bay. The coal is anthracite ; it is contained in beds of shale 

 and sandstone, overlying millstone-grit and carboniferous limestone. 

 The seams vary from three feet to a few inches in thickness. The 

 southern part of the county presents a greater extent of carboniferous 

 limestone to the view than is anywhere else laid open in Great Britain. 

 There are numerous funnel-shaped cavities and fissures to which the 

 sea has access. Of these the most remarkable is Bosherston Mere, 

 near St Gowan's Head. Another of these cavities, called the Devil's 

 Punch Bowl, and situated in the same neighbourhood, presents a scene 

 of the wildest confusion, the waves dashing and bellowing incessantly 

 in the bottom and round the interior. Copper-ore has been found in 

 small quantities in the neighbourhood of St David's. Slate-quarries 

 are opened in the Precelli Mountains and near St. David's. Coal is 

 the only mineral besides slate which is worked in the county. 



Climate, Soil, Agriculture. The climate of the southern port of 

 Pembrokeshire is mild but damp. The northern part of the county 

 has a considerably lower temperature. On the southern part of the 

 county the limestone and old red-sandstono formations afford soils of 

 excellent quality ; some districts near St David's, and along the coast 

 towards Fishguard, are well adapted for the growth of barley, but in 

 the coal district and the slaty ridge of the Precelli Mountains the laud 

 is very inferior. The system of agriculture has been improved within 

 the last few years. The breed of black cattle, called Castle-Martins, 



