113 



PENNSYLVANIA. 



PENRYN. 



114 



opposite side of the Alleghany River, population 21,262, is really a 

 suburb of Pitteburg, with which it is in almost every respect closely 

 identified : and the same may be said of Birmingham (population 

 3732), and South Pittsburg (1883), on the opposite bank of the 

 Monongahela. AUeghany City contains the western penitentiary ol 

 Pennsylvania ; 30 churches ; and has extensive manufactories of iron, 

 hardware, cutlery, glass, cotton goods, Ac. 



Carbondali, on the left bank of Lackawanna Creek, 120 miles N.E. 

 from Harrisburg, population 4945, is the centre of a busy coal-mining 

 district, and contains some considerable iron works. Carlisle, 22 miles 

 W.S.W. from Harrisburg, population 4581, is a busy manufacturing 

 town, and the seat of a United States barracks and cavalry school, 

 and of Dickinson college. Chambersburg, on an affluent of the Potomac, 

 45 miles S.W. from Harrisburg, population 3335, is one of the busiest 

 places in the centre of the southern part of the state, and contains 

 some good buildings. Columbia, on the left bank of the Susqueliaima, 

 25 miles S.E. from Harrisburg, population 4140, carries on an extensive 

 river trade, and contains the county buildings, 13 churches, &<x The 

 Susquehanna is here crossed by a bridge 5690 feet long. DannviUe, at 

 the confluence of the Mahoning Creek with the Susquehanna, popu- 

 lation 3302, is also a place of considerable trade. Button, at the junction 

 of the Lehigh River with the Delaware, 95 miles E.N.E. from Harris- 

 burg, population 7250, is one of the rising towns of Pennsylvania, 

 being the centre of a great internal trade, ai:d having been made the 

 point of junction of several important lines of railway, and three 

 canals. The town is regularly laid out with broad streets, and a 

 spacious central square; and contains besides the county buildings, 

 several churches and schools, Lafayette college, Ac. Considerable 

 manufactures are carried on, and there are extensive deposits of iron 

 in the vicinity, but the principal trade at present perhaps is in flour, 

 corn, meal, and whiskey. Erie, a port of entry on Presque Isle Bay, 

 Lake Erie, 220 miles N.W. from Harrisbnn; : population, 5S58. The 

 harbour is a good and safe one, but the place has until the last few 

 yean made very slow progress owing to the thinness of the population 

 of the surrounding country, and the want of good Hues of communi- 

 cation. Since however it has been connected by the state railways 

 with the leading towns of this and the neighbouring states and the 

 Atlantic port*, it has rapidly advanced in trade and population, and 

 has probably in 1855 nearly twice a* many inhabitants as it pos- 

 sessed in 1850. Germantown ; Kensington [PHILADELPHIA]. Lancaster, 

 35 miles S.E. from Harrisburg, population 12,369, is a well-built and 

 flourishing town, the seat of extensive industrial establishments, and 

 the centre of an important line of traffic between the interior and the 

 sea-coast. It contains county court buildings, numerous churches 

 and schools, Franklin college, banks, railway depots, large hotels, 

 printing offices, paper-mill-, distilleries, cotton factories, iron-works, 

 Ac. Maunch Chunk, on the right bank of the Lehigh, 75 miles N.E. 

 from Harrisburg, population 2557, is chiefly noteworthy as the capital 

 of one of the principal anthracite mining districts. The village contains 

 some good public buildings, banks, Ac. ; and some large iron-works. 

 In the immediate vicinity is the celebrated Maunch Chunk coal mine, 

 or quarry, which occupies the summit of a hill, and is reached by an 

 inclined plane 700 feet long with a rise of 200 feet Hoyamentiny. 

 [PHILADELPHIA.] A'orrutown, on the left bank of the Schuylkill, 

 85 miles K.S.K. from Harrisburg, population 6024, possesses a great 

 amount of water power, which is rendered available for several 

 extensive factories. A handsome bridge span* the river, and a canal 

 and railways afford ample facilities for the transit of goods, Ac. 

 Northern Liberties ; Oxford [PHILADELPHIA], Pkmixville, on the left 

 bank of the Schuylkill, 73 miles E.S.E. from Harrisburg, population 

 2670, is largely engaged in the manufacture of iron and iron-ware. 

 Putinille, on the right bank of the Schuylkill, 45 miles N.E. from 

 Harrisburg, population 7515, is the capital of an important coal- and 

 iron-mining district. There are extensive iron-works, machine and 

 engine shops, breweries, Ac. ; and the place has abundant canal and 

 railway facilities. Heading, on the left bank of the Schuylkill, 55 miles 

 E. from Harrisburg, population 15,743, is a well-built town founded in 

 1748. Many of the public buildings are of a superior character, and 

 there are very extensive iron-works, cotton factories, hat manufactories, 

 potteries, breweries, grist and saw-mills, lumber yards, Ac. Soutkteark; 

 Spring Garden [PHILADELPHIA]. Tamaqua, on the Little Schuylkill, 

 58 miles N.E. from Harrisburg, population 8080, is another busy coal- 

 mining village. Wathinylan, on the Cliartier Creek, 170 miles W. from 

 Harrisburg, population 2662, is the seat of Washington College, and 

 has considerable manufactures. Wcttchctter, 70 miles E.S.E. from 

 Harrisburg, population 3172, is a well-built town with several churches, 

 school*, an athenteum, Ac., and a place of considerable trade. York, 

 on the Codoros Creek, 22 miles S. by E. from Harrisbunj, population 

 6803, is regularly laid out, contains several handsome public building", 

 and has extensive manufactures. 



nmfni. History, Ac. The constitution of the State of Penn- 

 sylvania was framed in 1776 upon the base of that originally drawn 

 up by William Penn. This was subsequently amended, and in 1838 

 entirely remodelled. The present amended constitution dates from 

 1850. l!y it the right of voting is Tested in every free white citizen 

 of the (cited State* 21 fears of age, who shall have resided in the 

 state during one year. The legislature consists of a Senate of not 

 less than one-fourth nor more than one-third the number of repre- 

 OEOO. DIT. VOL. iv. 



sentatives (now of 33 members), who are elected for three years; and 

 a House of Representatives of not less than 60 nor more than 100 

 (at present 100) members, who are elected annually. The governor is 

 elected for three years. The judges are also elected by the people ; 

 the judges of the supreme court for 15 years, of the other courts for 

 10 and 5 years. The public funded debt of the state on December 1st 

 1854 was 39,750,000 dollars. The total revenue of the state for the 

 year ending December 1st 1854 was 6,666,000 dollars; the expenditure 

 was 5,425,000 dollars. The state militia in 1852 was composed of 

 13,328 men, of whom 212 were commissioned officers. Since 1844 

 the sum of 200,000 dollars has been annually appropriated by the 

 state for the support of schools. The whole number of schools in the 

 state in 1853 was 9703 with 286,105 male, and 238,535 female scholars. 

 There are 9 colleges, and 14 theological, medical, and law schools in 

 the state. A large part of the population of Pennsylvania, especially 

 in the middle and western districts, are Germans ; they retain the use 

 of their language, and a considerable number of newspapers in German 

 are printed and circulated in the state. 



The first settlements on the shores of Chesapeake Bay were made 

 by the Swedes in 1627. The Dutch took possession of the Swedish 

 colony in 1658, but were obliged to cede it to the English in 1664. 

 Several dispersed settlements had been formed along both sides of 

 Chesapeake Bay. The country was granted by Charles II. in 1681 to 

 William Penn, who considered it just to buy from the original pos- 

 sessors, the Indians, what had been granted by the king of England. 

 In 1682 he founded the town of Philadelphia, and published a ' Frame 

 of Government,' whicfi was confirmed by an assembly of the people 

 at Chester, in December, 1682. The humane principles on which the 

 constitution and laws of Penn were based, attracted numerous colonists 

 to this country from most parts of Europe, especially from Germany. 

 They all settled however in the south-east region, whilst the Indians 

 remained in undisturbed possession of the north-west region. The 

 French, advancing from Canada, got possession of this back country, 

 and in 1752 built Fort Duquesne, the name of which was changed 

 to Pittsburg after it was taken by the British. In 1774 the delegates 

 of the colonies assembled in Philadelphia, declared against the right 

 of the English parliament to tax the colonies, which may be considered 

 as the declaration of war; and it was at Philadelphia that, in 1776, 

 the representatives of the 13 states adopted and promulgated the 

 ' Declaration of Independence.' The seat of the federal government 

 was at Philadelphia till 1800, when it was removed to Washington. 



(Statistical Gazetteer of the United States; Lippincott, New and 

 Complete Gtuttteer ; Seventh Census of the United States ; Roger?, 

 Geological Sui-vey of the State of Pennsylvania; Marcou; Lyell; 

 Ansted; American Almanac, 1855.) 



PENNYCUICK. [EDISBOROHBHIRE.] 



PENORSCOT. [MAINE, U. S.] 



1'KNKITH, Cumberland, a market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Penrith, is situated in a fertile vale at the south 

 extremity of Inglewood Forest, in 54 40' N. lat., 2 45' W. long., 

 distant 17 miles S. by E. from Carlisle, 283 miles N.N.W. from London 

 by road, and 282 miles by the North- Western and Lancaster and Car- 

 lisle railways. The town is under the management of a Local Board 

 of Health. The population of the town of Penrith in 1851 was 6608. 

 The living is a vicarage, with the curacy of Trinity annexed, in the 

 archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle. Penrith Poor-Law Union con- 

 tains 39 parishes and townships, with an area of 181,236 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 22,307. 



Penrith is an ancient town, situated at the foot of a hill, and contains 

 many well-built houses. The town is lighted with gas. The parish 

 church is a spacious Grecian building, after the model of St. Andruw's, 

 llnlb'irn, London ; it was rebuilt, except the tower, in 1720. lu the 

 churchyard is an ancient monument consisting of two pyramidal stones 

 about 12 feet high. A new church in the style of the 13th century, 

 consecrated in 1850, and chapels for Wesleyan Methodists, Independ- 

 ents, United Presbyterians, Quakers, and Roman Catholics are in tin: 

 xiwn. The Free Grammar school, founded in 1564 by Queen Elizabeth, 

 lad 21 scholars in 1852, of whom two were free scholars. There are 

 also in Penritb, Free, National, British, Industrial, and Infant schools ; 

 a school supported by the Wesleyan MethodUts; a mechanics institute 

 and reading-room, and a savings bank. Tuesday is the market-day. 

 Several cattle fairs are held in the course of the year. There is hero 

 a house of correction. A county court is held in the town. In olden 

 iinea Penrith was several times pillaged, and twice burned by the 

 Scots. The Beacon, which stands on a high mount about a mile 

 rom the town, commands a view of the country for more than 100 

 miles in circumference. 



I 'K X RYN, Cornwall, a market-town and municipal and parliamentary 

 borough, in the parish of Gluvias, is situated in 50 9' N. lat., 5 6' W. 

 ong., distant 30 miles S.S.W. from Bodmin, and 266 miles W.S.W. 

 p rom London. The population of the municipal borough of Peuryn 

 n 1851 was 3959 ; that of the parliamentary borough is included in 

 he return for the united borough of Penryn and Falinouth. The 

 K>rough is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, of whom one 

 s mayor ; and in conjunction with Falmouth returns two members to 

 the Imperial Parliament. The living of Gluvias is a vicarage in the 

 archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. 



Penryn was made a market-town in 1258, and was incorporated by 



