Ill 



.- 



PERM. 



116 



, in Kit. The town U built on a low hill, which projects 

 oo* of th* inlets of Falmouth harbour, dividing the 

 tebt into two navigable braoooM. At the point between then 

 bran ah., it the public quay, from which the main .treet of the town 

 HIM. A oooaidetmble tnd. is carried on between Penryn and the 

 listriot of Kedruth. Qranite i* exported to a eon- 

 There are in Pcnryn an Kptaoopd chapel, places of 

 wonhip far Wealmn Mrthodfaai and Independents, and National 

 school*. The market i* held on Saturday, and five annual Cur* for 



SA u an extensive government of Rnsi* in Aria. It is bounded 



K. by Xuchnei-Xovgorod, R. by Simbirsk, 8. by SaratofT, and s.\V. 

 and W. by Tamboff. It lie* between 53' and 54" X. lat, 42 20' and 

 45* SO' K. long. The population in 1846 was 1,087,200. of whom 

 nearly all are RnBJMM of the Greek Church. The surface of the 

 country i* slightly undulating, and it* general character is a plain. 

 It i* watered by numerous rivers, but most of them are small and not 

 navigable. The mott important rivers are the Soura and the Mokcha. 

 The Soon, which riars in Saratoff. enter* Pensa to the south of the 

 chif town, traverse* the eastern part of the government and enter* 

 Simbirsk. The Mokcha ri* in the government itself, waters the 

 north-east part of it, and after running northward turns to the west, 

 and enter* the government of Tamboff. The government of Penna 

 contain* fix small lake*. The climate is temperate and very agreeable 

 in rammer, but the winter is rather cold ; the sky is clear and the air 

 very healthy. 



The soil i* extremely fertile, and the produce includes corn, hemp, 

 flax, potatoes, and fruit. The forests are of vast extent. There are 

 atill wild-deer and a great quantity of game, but the fur-bearing 

 animal* have disappeared. The chief occupations of the inhabitants 

 are grazing and agriculture. Bees are reared in considerable numbers. 

 The fisheries are of little importance. The mineral kingdom furnishes 

 a little iron, vitriol, sulphur, and millstones. 



There are few extensive manufactures. But the country people 

 manufacture coarse linen and woollen-cloth, and all kinds of articles 

 far their own use. There i* a manufactory of blanket* and carpets 

 at toe Tillage of Jela. The distilling of brandy is carried on to a 

 very great extent The trade is chiefly carried on by land, especially 

 with Niachnei-Novgorod. Annual fairs are held at Pensa, Nischnei- 

 Lomoff, and Saransk. The exports are corn, flour, brandy, soap, wax, 

 honey, poUubes, wool, sail-cloth, carpets, blankets, wooden-ware, ftc. 



W ith respect to public instruction Pensa is under the university of 

 Ka*an. but the schools are few in number. The only printing-office 

 belongs to the crown. There are in the government about 600 churches, 

 of which 11 are cathedrals, 5 monks' convent*, and 1 nunnery. The 

 Tartar mosques are to the number of 70, of which about 40 are of the 

 first cUa*. 



I'CKM, the capital of the government, is built on an eminence at the 

 conflux of the Pensa and the Soura, in 63 7' N. lat, 44 50' E. long., 

 4S miles from Moscow. It was founded in 1666. and is a flourishing 

 town, with manufacture* of leather and soap. There is a brisk trade 

 in com. Pensa i* a bishop's see, and has a gymnasium, a seminary, 

 two convent*, to each of which two churches are attached ; seven 

 other ehnrche* and a cathedral. The house* are of wood. The 

 population i* about 11,000. At Nitchnei-iomoff ( 7000 inhabitants) a 

 great annual fair i* held from the 1st to the 16th of July ; the chief 

 article* nold are leather, fun, wax, drugs, and colonial produce. 

 Saranii; at the conflux of the Saranga and the Insara, has nearly 

 000 inhabitant*, 9 churches, 2 cathedrals, and a convent of monks. 

 It is a very thriving little town. 



I'KXSAniLA, [FLORIDA.] 



I'KXSKORD. [SOMERSETSHIRE.] 



I'KNSIU-RST. [K 



PKXTIXA. [ABBDZZO.] 



Tl.AXD KUITII. [CAirnxEss; ORKNEY ISLANDS.] 

 IXTRK VOKLAS. [DEXBHmsuiRE.] 



rnwall, a market and sea-port town, a municipal 



borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Mmlron, 



u situated on the north-western shore of Mount's Bay, in 50 7' V lat 



I' W. long., distant 53 miles S.W. from Bodmin, and 281 miles 



.W.from London. The population of the borough in 1851 was 



It is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillor!!, of whom one 



is mayor. The living of Pencance is a perpetual curacy in the arch- 



conry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. Penzanoe Poor-Law 

 Union contain* 19 parishes and township*, with an area of 65 022 

 ere*, aad a population in l^l of 63,370. 



Penmnce is i .rsterly town iu England. It received a 



ibarter for market and a fair in 1332, and was incorporated bv 



lame* I. in 1'il/,. The town is situated on the north-western shore 



>unt * Bay, and ban much increased of late years ; it is lighted 



with gas. There are in Penr-ance a parochial chapel, rebuilt in 1836 



proprietary chapel, erected in 1848, in the early English style ; places 



hin for Wesleyan and Association Methodists, Independents, 



H ; a rjrammar school, which had 



.1 schools, and a savings bank. Quarter 



is and a oonnty eourt are held. The town hall, recently 



lilt, is surmounted with sTiandsome cupola ; its eastern front consists 



a pediment supported by-fonr noble columns. Pentance possesses 



a good public library, a Society of Natural History and Antiquities, and 

 .1 Horticultural Society. This town is also the seat of the Royal 

 Ocological Society of Cornwall, whose museum contains an admirable 

 riilli-etion of minerals. The climate of IVnzance is very mild but 

 somewhat moist, and is in some repute for invalids. A large pro- 

 portion of the tin produced in Cornwall U shipped at Penzance. The 

 markets are held on Thursday and Saturday ; and fairs on May 

 Thursday after Trinity Sunday, and Thursday before Advent Some 

 woollen-yarn and coarse woollen-cloth are manufactured. The fishery 

 at Penxauce employs about 2000 persons and about 300 sail of large 

 fishing-boats. The number of vessels belonging to the port on Decem- 

 ber 81st 1863 was 90 of 8190 tons aggregate burden. During 1853 

 there entered the port 777 sailing-vessels of 51,659 tons, and 2'J 

 vessels of 11,462 tons; and there cleared 297 sailing-vessels of 20,797 

 tons aggregate burden. 



PEORIA. [ILLINOIS.] 



1'EllOY. [MAHCHt.] 



PKKDU, MONT. [PTRESfcBS.1 



PERK KX-KKTZ. [LOIRE ISKEII:KORE.] 



PEREKOP. [CRIMEA.] 



PERQAMOS, or PERQAMUM, the most important town in Mysia, 

 first mentioned in Xenophon's ' Anabasis ' (vii. 8, B. 8), was situ- 

 ated north of the river Caicus, on a small stream named Silenus. 

 It was strongly fortified by nature and art, and was chosen by 

 Lysimachus, when ruler of the north-west part of Asia Minor, as the 

 most secure place in his dominions for depositing his treasures. 

 PhileterUB, to whom he entrusted his treasures, declared his inde- 

 pendence about B.C. 283, and remained master of the town and a small 

 part of the surrounding country till his death B.C. 263. He was suc- 

 ceeded by his nephew Eumenes, who increased his dominions, and 

 even gained a victory near Sardis, over Autiochus son of Seleucus. 

 He reigned for 22 years, and wa? succeeded, B.o. 241, by his cousin 

 Attalus I., who assumed the title of King. Attains was a successful gene- 

 ral, and his prudence as well as his valour greatly extended the limits 

 of his kingdom. He died at the age of 72, after a reign of 44 years, 

 and was succeeded, B.C. 197, by his son Eumenes, who, like Attains, 

 was a firm friend of the Romans, and in consequence of his services in 

 their wars against Antiochus and the kings of Macedonia, received 

 from them all the territory conquered from Antiochus on this sid of 

 Mount Taurus. Eumenes embellished the city with many public 

 buildings, and founded a library, which became only second in import- 

 ance to that of Alexandria. The library remained at Pergamos till 

 Antonius made a present of it to Cleopatra. 



The history of the kings of Pergamos is given in an Appendix to 

 Clinton's ' Fasti Hellenici' (iii. 400-410). 



Pergamos was a considerable town, and possessed many public 

 buildings, of which the most celebrated was a temple of yEsculapius, 

 which possessed the right of asylum. (Tac., 'Ann.,' iii. 63; App., 

 ' Mith.,' c. 60.) Pergamos was one of the seven churches to wliieh 

 St John wrote in the book of the Revelation (i. 11 ; it 12). It con- 

 tinued to be the capital of the Roman province of Asia. The modern 

 town, which is called Bergma, is still a place of considerable import- 

 ance. Mr. Fellows, who visited it in 1838, says (' Excursion i > 

 Minor,' p. 34), that " it is as busy and thriving as heavy taxation will 

 allow, and has seven or eight khans." It contains many extensive 

 ruins. Mr. Fellows informs us (p. 34) that the walls of the Turkish 

 houses are full of the relics of marbles, with ornaments of the richest 

 Grecian art 



Coin of Pergamos. British Museum. Actual si/o. 



PERQE. [PAMPHTLIA.] 



1'KHIAl'ATAM. [Coono.] 



I'EIllERS. [M A m-n 



J'KIUQORD, a former province of France, included iu the military 

 government of Guienne, was bounded N. by Poitou an.l Limousin hi 

 by Quercy, S. by Agenais, and W. by the Bordelais, Saintonge, and 

 Angoumois. It is now included in the department of DORDOGME; the 

 capital was Pilrii^ueux. 



PftlUOUEUX. [DoRDOONE.] 



PERM, an extensive government of Russia, is situated partly in 

 Europe and partly in Asia, between 56 30' and 61 80' N. lat., 53 20' 

 and 84 10' E. long. It is bounded N. by Wologda and Tobolsk, E. 

 by Tobolsk, S. by Orenburg, and W. by Viatka. The area is about 

 i,500 square miles, or more than double the area of England and 

 Wales. The population in 1846 was 1,637,700. 



This government is mountainous, and is divided by the Ural Moun- 

 ting, which traverse it from north to south, into two unequal parta, 

 the smaller of which is in Asia. The loftiest summit of the Ural 



