nan 



to gold MM! Mirer, and in various 



kii.a of handicraft. They are aUo fUh-nn. n. and sail with 

 from on* small port to another to exchange 





141 



their different prod. 



Th. n*uv tribe* which inhabit the rale of the Huallaga River have 

 been converted, and are nearly aqua] in civilisation to the Peruvian*. 

 The Bhenamacho. live on the eastern bank, of the Hnallaga, and on 

 the wwlern banks are the Cholone*, Sharras, and Ibitaa. They all 

 sem to belong to on* nation, as they speak one language called the 

 Ibita, though most of them understand the Qukshua. They cultivate 

 Uw grains and root, which have been mentioned as the principal 

 productions of this valley. 



Th* independent native tribe* inhabit the low and level country 

 ea*t of the mountain region. South of 18 a lat, on the east of the 

 Andes, are the Chunchoa, a nnmerou* and savage raoa, and the 

 TuToneria. The Ante* inhabit the country where the Paucartamba 

 and Quilabamba unite, between 12* and 11* & lat North of 11" 

 a lat., and as far north as 9 a lat, are four tribe* the Tampas, 

 Palutuniquee, Chuntaguirus, and Piroa. The country on both sides 

 of the Pachitea River, as far north as 8' & lat, is in possession of the 

 nuinrrou* and warlike tribe of the Cashiboa. North of them, between 

 the Hwsllaga and Ucayali, are the Conibos, Setebos, and Shipebos ; 

 and still farther north two small tribes, the Maparis and Puinaus. 

 Between the Urayali and Yavari are the Amajuacas (between 9 and 

 8* a lat). the Hemoa (between 8* and V & lat), the Sends and Capa- 

 nagua* (7* and 6* a lat), and the numerous tribe of the Mayorunas, 

 who occupy the country to the very banks of the Amazonas. 

 tribes inhabiting both banks of the Ucayali speak one language, the 

 Paoo, or dialect* which differ very little from one another. The 

 Combos, Seteboe, and Shipebos have been partially converted to 

 Christianity ; but the missionaries have made, no impression on the 

 other tribe*, and no attempt at conversion has been made among some 

 of them. Since Peru has obtained its independence the missions have 

 been much neglected, and many of the converted Indians have returned 

 to the wood*, and are again lost to civilisation ; but on the whole the 

 Indian* have made considerable progress during the last thirty years. 

 The converted and several of the unconverted tribes are agriculturists. 

 They use a few articles of European manufacture, as hatchets, knives, 

 sniainrs, needles, buttons, and some glittering baubles, which they 

 procure itt Nanta on the Amazonas, or at Sarayacu on the Ucayali. 

 The ( 'hnutigiiiriis, who are the most remote from all the settlements 

 of the whiU-*, ascend the Ucayali and Urubamba to the confluence of 

 the Paucartamba and Quilabamba, where they procure by barter such 

 article, aa they want, giving in exchange parrots and other birds, 

 monkeys, cotton robes white and painted, feather ornaments, wax, 

 balsam., Ae, 



MaMifacturtj. The Peruvian Indians consume a very small quantity 

 of European manufactured articles. Their dress is composed of cotton 

 or woollen stuff* made at home, or in several of the small towns in the 

 vale of the Maranon and Jauja. Titese home-made stuffs also serve 

 a* the dress of the mixed race. Only the Creole* dress in European 

 tufts. There are some manufactures of cordovan leather, and some 

 tannerie* and soap-houses. The iron utensils, such as hatchets, scis- 

 sor., Ac., made in Caxamarca, are highly valued. In the large towns 

 many persons are occupied in making vessels, utensils, and ornaments 

 of gold and silver. 



Ctmmerct. The country is too mountainous to admit the making 

 of carriage-roads in the interior. Mules are generally used by travel- 

 lers and for the transport of merchandise. In the more elevated parts 

 of the country llamas are employed for the latter purpose. The foreign 

 commerce is considerable, especially that with the other countries of 

 America bordering on the Pacific, and also with Europe. The most 

 important article of export is the produce of the mines, especially silver. 

 Sugar, which i. sent to Mexico, New Granada, Ecuador, and Chili, 

 and saltpetre, the quantity of which sent to different countries of 

 Europe is very great, perhaps rank next in importance ; but of late 

 guano ha* been an article of very great traffic. Cotton, tobacco, maize, 

 rice, .alt, and spirits, are minor articles. Wheat, flour, wine, and fruits 

 are imported from Chili, with which country there is an active corn- 

 mere*. Manufactured goods are received from Europe and from the 

 United State* of North America, and from Canton silk goods and 

 nankeens. We have no particulars of the total value of the exports 

 and import* of Peru. The value of the imports from England in 1858 

 wa* l,248,730t; that of the export* from Peru to England in the 

 am* year was 1,491,75M. The principal articles exported to England 

 wrre bark, cochineal, copper-ore, guano, nittv, and wool : of thu latter 

 there were 1,789,919 Ibs. of sheep.' wool and 2,008,572 Ibs. of alpaca 

 and llama wool Cotton and woollen goods, hardware, cutlery, iron, 

 Ac.. *ra the principal articles which Peru imports from England. 



Divintmi, Tamt, Jcc. Peru is divided into eleven departments, 

 Amazonas, Libertad, Anchas, Juniu, Lima, Huancavelica, Ayaoucho, 

 Cuzco, Arequipa, Moquegua, and Puno, which are snbdirided into 

 66 provinces. The capital of the republic i* LIMA. The following 

 are among the other more important towns : the population is a meru 

 estimate : Acari. which is built in a fertile plain several miles from 

 the sea, near the southern boundary of the department of Lima, is a 

 eoneiderable place, though little visited by travellers. The port, 

 called Point Loman, has good anchorage and tolerable landing. 



Aaiox ; CAI.LAS, Co-ramorca stands on the eastern 

 declivity of tho Westarn Andes, in a rich silrcr-mmiiii.- miles 



N.K. from Truxillo: population, 7000. It is nearly 9000 feot above 

 the sea-level ; contains some haudsome churches, and the ruins of a 

 paUoe of the Incaa. Cotton and woollen-cloth are manufactured to a 

 considerable extent, and alto many articles of silver and iron ; the 

 artificers of Caxamaroa .. being accounted the best workers in those 

 metals in Peru. In tho neighbourhood there are hot springs, called 

 the Baths of the Incas. Ckaefiapoyai, near the western declivity of 

 the Eastern Andea, on the road which leads to the vale of the Rio 

 Hnallaga, 70 miles K. N'.E. from Caxamarca, population 8000, is a place 

 of much trade. A great deal of tobacco is raised in tho neighbourhood. 

 C'Au</m(o, near the Lake Titioaca, has above 4000 inhabitants. ( 

 tiwUko, a port and ' city ' on the coast, 80 miles N. by W. from Lima, 

 contains about 5000 inhabitants, chiefly Indians, who cultivate the 

 rich farms in the vicinity, or work in the salinas : the women plait 

 coarse straw-bats, mats, Ac., which they carry to Lima for sale. 

 Huamamjo, the capital of the department nf Ayacucho, population 

 20,000, is a large place, founded by Francisco Pizarro. in an elevated 

 situation, on the road leading from Lima t > Cuzco, and has a consider- 

 able trade. It has a fine cathedral, a university, and a seminary for 

 clergymen. The rich Creole families that live in this town have large 

 sugar-plantations in the valley of the river Mantnro. The suburbs, 

 whirh are inhabited by Indians, are large, and the houses better than 

 in other Indian towns, Jtuauaco, in the upper vale of the Rio 

 Huallaga, N.E. of Pasco, population iluOO, owes its prosperity to the 

 circumstance of its agricultural produce finding a ready sale at Pasco. 

 In the neighbourhood there are ruins of considerable extent. Jfuau- 

 cavelica, the capital of the department of the same name, population 

 6000, is built in a ravine between mountains whose summits rise to 

 the height of 13,000 feet, and which contain several rich mines of 

 gold, silver, and quicksilver. Nothing is cultivated in tin 

 hood, lluari, in the upper vale of the Marafion, is a mining town of 

 5000 inhabitants. Islay. [AHEO.UIPA.] Lambaytqut, population 4000, 

 is situated on the coast, 130 miles N.W. from Truxillo, in a district 

 which produces abundance of rice, and has a considerable commerce, 

 though the roadstead is bad. Afoyobamba, near the eastern declivity 

 of the Eastern Andes, has 4000 inhabitants, who make coarse cotton- 

 cloth. Patco, or Oerro Patco, is built on the table-land of Pasco, 

 10 48' 8. lat, 76 23' W. long., 13,673 feet above the sea-level. Pasco 

 is the most elevated town in America, if not in the world, which is 

 permanently inhabited. This town, whose population fluctuates, 

 according to the produce of the mines, between 12,000 ami IS, 000, is 

 irregularly built on very uneven ground. The site on which it 

 abounds in silver-ore, and the mouths of the mines ar frequently 

 within small houses in the streets of the city. Only those mines are 

 worked which contain rich ores. The houses are low, and some have 

 small glazed windows ; but the suburbs are merely a collection of 

 mud huts. As the surrounding country is destitute of trees, it is 

 fortunate that coal abounds in the neighbourhood. All kinds of pro- 

 visions have to be brought from a distance ; but the markets of Pasco 

 are well supplied not only with the necessaries of life, but with many 

 of the most costly luxuries. Payta, near the northern extremity of 

 the coast of Peru, population 6000, is a commercial town with an 

 excellent harbour. The town is built on the slope and at the foot of 

 a hill. It is the port of the fiuo vale of the Rio Piura, which contains 

 75,000 inhabitants, and is a place of much business, being the port of 

 communication with Europe by way of Panama. It exports large 

 quantities of cotton and grain. Pisco, built on a plain, about a mile 

 from the shorts of the Bay of Pisco, population 3000, has a con 

 able commerce, and exports sugar, wine, nud a kind of spirit c.illed 

 Pisco, or Italia. South of Pisco are the towns of Yea and Natca, in 

 which much wine is made and exported to other parts of Peru. These 

 two towns are closely connected with Pisco in the wine trade. Piura, 

 or San Migutl de Piura, the first town founded by the Spaniards in 

 Peru, stands on the left bank of the Rio Piura, about 20 miles from 

 Payta, population 8000, has considerable manufactures of so ip and 

 leather, and an extensive transit trade. It is the largest town in 

 Northern Peru. Puno, on the western shore of the lake of Titicaca, 

 in the valley of the Desaguadero, is the capital of the department of 

 Puno : population, 8000. In the vicinity are numerous silver-mines, 

 which were formerly remarkably productive. Tacna, in the valley of 

 the Arica. about 30 miles from Arica, population 6000, is the depdt 

 of European merchandise for the consumption of the department of 

 Puno and the greater part of the republic of Bolivia. Torino, in the 

 vale of the Rio Jauja, lias ;"000 inhabitants, who manufactm. 

 siderable quantities of cotton and woollen stuffs. TruxUlo, founded 

 by Francisco Pizarro, and named after his birth-place, is MI nan-. I in 

 the middle of the extensive valley of Chimu, about a miles from the 

 sea, 8" 7' S. lat, 79 4' W. long. : population about 600(1. The liarbour, 

 Huauacho, is an open roadstead. The streets of Truxillo are wide 

 and regular, and it has a fine cathedral and a handsome town-hall. 

 The principal articles of export are bullion, sugar, and rice. The 

 valley of Chimu contains the ruins of a Iniv Indian town. 



Hiitory. When the Spaniards first visited Peru, they found the 

 country under a well-regulated government, and inhabited by a nation 

 which had made great progress in the arts of civilisation. The people 

 were decently dressed, and lodged in comfortable houses. Their fields 



