:i 



PBBU. 



PERUGIA. 



uo 



were well cultivated, and artificial cuts bad Lceu made to conduct the 

 water of the small riven to a considerable distance for the purposes of 

 irrigation. They bad extensive manufactured of earthenware and 

 woollen and cotton cloth, and also toola made of copper. Even now 

 the elegant forms of their uteueiU, made out of tho hardest rock 

 without the use of iron tools, excite admiration. The extensive ruins 

 of palaces and buildings scattered over the country, a;:d the remains 

 of the great road which led from Quito to (Juzco, and thence south- 

 ward over the table-laud of the valley of the Desaguadero, show that 

 the nation was far advanced in civilisation. This civilisation appears 

 to hare grown up in tije nation it<elf, and not to have been derived 

 from communication with other civilised people. The navigation of 

 the Peruvians was limited to coasting from one small harbour to 

 another in balsas. The difference in political institutions and in the 

 usages of society between the Peruvians and Mexican* precludes the 

 supposition of either of these two nations having received their civili- 

 sation from the other. Besides this, they were divided by savage 

 tribes, which were sunk in the deepest barbarism. The Spaniards 

 were surprised to find this state of things in Peru. When they had 

 got possession of the country, they inquired into its history, and 

 learned the following traditions : 



About three centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards, Manco 

 Capac and Mania Ucollo appeared on the table-land of the Desaguadero. 

 These two personages, male and female, of majestic stature, appeared 

 clothed in garments, and declared that they were children of the sun, 

 and sent by their parent to reclaim the human race from its misery. 

 The savage tribes submitted to the instruction of these beings of a 

 divine origin, who taught them the first arts of civilisation, agriculture, 

 and the manufacture of clothing. Manco C'apac organised a regular 

 government, ami formed his subjects into four different ranks or classes, 

 which had some slight resemblance to the castes of the Hindoos. He 

 also established many useful customs and laws, and founded the town 

 of Cuzco, which soon became the capital of an extensive empire, 

 called the empire of the lucas (or lords) of Peru. He and bis suoceeson, 

 being conid?red as the offspring of the divinity, exercised absolute 

 and uncontrolled authority. His successors gradually extended their 

 authority over the whole of the mountain region between the equator 

 and 25 S. lat When tho Spaniard* first entered Peru, the 12th 

 monarch from the founder of the state, named Huayna Cnpae was 

 said to be seated on the throne. He had violated the ancient usage 

 of the Inca*, which forbade a monarch to marry a woman not a 

 descendant of Manco C'apau and Mama Oeollo. His wife was a daughter 

 of the vanquish.; I king of Quito, and the son whom alie hail l> Tin- 

 aim, uamea Atahnalpa, was appointed his successor in that kii>-<l<>:n. 

 The rest of his dominions he left to Huascar, his eldest son by a 

 < of the Inca race. This led to a civil war between tbe two 

 -, and when th- contest was at it* height, a Spanish force entered 

 the country under r'rancitco Pizarro in . 



1'i/arro bad sailtd in 1..J-; from Panama to a country lying farther 

 south, which, according to the information collected from the native*, 

 abounded in precious metals. He sailed along the coast as far south 

 as Cape Parina or Cape Aguja. Landing at Tumbes in the Bey of 

 Guayaquil, the mo.t northern point of the present republic of Peru, 

 he was struck with the advanced state of fatiluation of the inhabit- 

 ants, and still more with the abundance of gold and silver vessels and 

 uteuails. From this time bo resolved on the conquest of tbe country. 

 In 1C.31 he returned with a small force which be bad procured from 

 Spain, marched along tbe coast, and in 1532 built tlie town of St. 

 Michael de Piura, the oldest Spanish settlement in Peru. The dis- 

 teacted state of the country, caused by tbe civil war, enabled the 

 Spaniards to take possession of it without a battle ; and though the 

 Peruvians afterwards tried to renew the contest, they were easily 

 defeated and compelled to submit to a foreign yoke. Pizarro built the 

 towns of I'mm, Truxillo, Lima, Arequipa, and Huamanga : Cuzco was 

 founded by Mauco C'apac. 



Tbe disorders which immediately followed tbe conquest nearly 

 caused tbe lose of tbe country, a circumstance which determined the 

 court of Spain to make Pern the chief seat of tbe Spanish dominions 

 in S'.uth America. Lima was chosen far tbe capital, and it soon 

 rose to such opulence that it was called tbe City of tbe Kings. The 

 : Spain took deeper root in Peru than in any other of her 

 South American Coli>ui> a. In ITiO the Peruvians took up arms against 

 tbe Spaniards, under Tupac Amarn, an Inca, but failing to capture 

 the town of La Pa* after a long siege, they again submitted. When 

 all tbe Spanish colonies began to rite against the mother country, after 

 tbe year 1810, Peru remained quiet, and though some of the neigh- 

 bouring provinces bad already expelled the Spanish armies, and others 

 were attempting to do tbe same, the Spaniard* remained in undisturbed 

 possession of Peru until 1820, whan General San Martin, after having 

 expsU-d tb * Spaniards from Chili, entered Peru at the head of a 

 victorious army, and soon obtained posses-ion of Lima, The iudepend- 

 M* of Peru wu declared on the 28th of July. 1821, ami San Martin 

 Was proclaimed protector of Peru. The Spanish viceroy Canterac, 

 who had remained in possession of tbe Montana, gradually recovered 

 the Vallea, San Martin, having lost his popularity, resigned his 

 authority into the bands of tbe legislature on tbe 1Mb of August, 1822. 

 On the 1st of September, Bolivar, the Columbian general, entered 

 Una, and continued tbe war with Canterac, but at first with doubtful 



success. In February, 1824, Bolivar was made dictator ; and in 

 December of the same year the Spanish army, under Canterac, was 

 entirely defeated by Sucre, on the plains of Ayacucho, by which 

 battle the authority of Spain in Peru and South America was annihi- 

 lated. In February, 1825, Bolivar had resigned the dictatorship, but 

 he bad previously contrived to separate the southern provinces from 

 the northern, and to convert the former into a new republic, which 

 adopted the name of Bolivia. Several different forms of government 

 were tried within the six years following the declaration of independ- 

 ence. The constitution adopted by Bolivar in 1826 excited great 

 discontent, and as Bolivar was soon afterwards obliged to go to Colum- 

 bia, where au insurrection had broken out and a civil war was ou the 

 point of commencing, a complete revolution took place in Peru, in 

 January, 1827. The Bolivian constitution, or government, was 

 abolished, and a new federal constitution, avowedly founded on that 

 of the United States of North America, was framed and adopted, and 

 may be considered as still in force. The national congress, or supreme 

 legislature, consists of two bodies, a senate and a house of represen- 

 tatives. The president, in whose bands the executive power is placed, 

 is chosen for four yean, and be cannot be re-elected. The depart- 

 ments have their own legislatures, and administer their own affairs, 

 but the laws passed by these legislatures must be approved by tbe 

 National Congress. The highest officers of tbe central government in 

 tbe departments are the prefects and subprefects. These persons, 



well as the judges, are elected by the congress from three candidates, 

 who are proposed by the provincial governments. The Roman 

 Catholic religion alone can be publicly exercised. But though this ia 

 still the nomii.al constitution, Peru has been ever since its adoption 

 almost continually detracted by parties struggling for power, au I by 

 civil wan and revolutions produced by these continual struggles, 

 while the government has really been in tho hands of the chief of 

 the successful party. The most recent intelligence receive 1 from 

 Peru (March, 1856) confirms the announcement of the successful 

 termination of a revolution which bad been in progress for about a 

 year, and by which the late president, or dictator, General Echinique, 

 Das been driven from power. During the latter portion of the late 

 president's supremacy, the financial reputation of Peru had fallen into 

 the lowest depth of discredit, but it has been announced that the new 

 government will at once endeavour to regain tho confidence of the 

 national creditor*. Tbe public debt consists of an internal debt of a 

 very large but unnamed sum, and a foreign debt which was stated in 

 1864 to amount to about 4,000,0001. The total revenue in 1850 was 

 2,180,0001. [ the expenditure was set down at 1,857,000*. By the con- 

 stitution no punons born in Peru, or brought into the country subse- 

 quent to the publication of the Charter of Independence, can be slaves, 

 but thin article of the charter has been frequeutly evaded, and its 

 evasion has been formally sanctioned by the National Congress. The 

 number of slaves in Peru has been estimated at about 30,000. General 

 Castellan, tbe present ruler of Peru, in January, 1855, issued a decree 

 by which all slaves are to be liberated, except such as took up arms in 

 tbe cause of Eohinique ; at the same time he pledges the government 

 to indemnify their owners within five years, 



(Ulloa, Voyage to Soutk Amtrica; Humboldt, Perional Narrative, 

 tut. ; Memoirt of General Miller ; Meyen, Reite urn die Welt ; Pbppig, 

 Reite in C'kilt, Peru, Ac. ; Smyth and Lowe, Narrative of a Joui-aey 

 from Lima to Para ; Narrative of tke Surveying Voyage* of Ike Adven- 

 ture and Beagle ; Darwin, Journal of Rctearcket ; Stevenson, Retidence 

 in Peru; Vou Tschudi, Peru; and l/nteriuchuiigen Uber die Fauna 

 1'eruana ; Admiralty Sailing Direction* for Sou* k America ; \Vi/d<l.-ll, 

 Voyage dam le Nord de la Bolivie, Ac. ; Seaman, Narrative of ike 

 Voyage of H.lt.S. Herald; Peutland and Miller in the London 

 Geographical Journal.) 



PEKU'GIA, a delegation or province in the Papal States, is bounded 

 N. by the Apenuinex, W. by Tuscany, 3. by the provinces of Spoleto 

 and Vitarbo, and K. by those of Macerata and Spoleto. Its length 

 from the Apennines, which border tbe valley of the Tiber above Citta 

 di Castello, down to tbe confluence of the Paglia with the Tiber, is 

 about 00 mile.*, and its breadth varies from 20 to 85 miles. The area 

 is 1447 square mile*. The population in 1852 amounted to 222,926. 

 The province of Perugia is entirely in the basin of the Tiber. The 

 Lake of Perugia ( Trarimtnu.*) lies near the borders of Tuscany ; its 

 circumference is about 80 mile.-', the greatest width is about eight 

 miles ; the depth is not more than 30 feet. It contains three small 

 islands. The lake is inclosed by hills on the north, east, and south, 

 but the western shore is more open, merging into the wide plain of 

 Cortona. This lake is fed by no permanent river, but by numerous 

 springs which rise from the bottom of the bed ; it has no natural 

 outlet, and in seasons of rain, when numerous streams run into it 

 from the neighbouring hills, it used to overflow the banks, and 

 sometimes tbe water* have entered the plain of Cortona, and mixing 

 with those of tbe Chiana, have flowed into the Arno. In order to 

 prevent the mischief occasioned by these flood*, a tunnel was cut in 

 tbe 15th century by Braocia da Montone, lord of Perugia, through a 

 hill on the south-eait bank opposite the southern island of Polrese. 

 The water on issuing out of the tunnel flows into a canal, sets in motion 

 several mills, and after a course of about two miles enters the river 

 Cama, au affluent of the Nestore, which is a feeder of the Tiber. The 

 mouth of the emissary is above the ordinary or summer level, and the 



