lit 



1'i RUCUA. 



PESAUO-K-URBINO. 



151 



wUr tows into it only iu the winter or after hvy rains, Theemissary 

 was repaired by order of Pop. Clement VIII. in 1 60-2-3. 



The ut of the battle between llann.bul and the Romans i* nuppoeed 

 to be ot+r Panignnnn on DM north-eart aid* of the lake, where the 

 hill* recede some way from the shore. The province of Perugia i 

 ohiely hilly, brine crossed by oflseta from the Apennine chain, which 

 rtrxob southward in a direction parallel to the oonne of the Tiber. 

 8oaih of the town of Perugia are some exteiuive plaint, one of which 

 UM eastward toward* Foligno, and another along the right bank of 

 UM Tiber, toward* Cittt delU Pieve. The principal affluent* of the 

 Tiber in the provino* of Perugia an the Chiascio, the Xeatore, the 

 N.ja. and th* Paglia which receiv,-. the Chiana, the outlet of the Lake 

 of Chiuai in Tusoany. [CBIAXA, V AL DL] 



The province of Perugia i* the mott fertile of the province* south of 

 the Apennines. The principal productions are corn, wine, oil, ilk, 

 and gin*, on which large herds of fin* horned cattle are fed : nearly 

 one half of the consumption of butcher's meat by the city of Home is 

 applied by cattle from Perugia, The Lake of Perugia abounds with 

 flan, which forms a considerable article of export; and the shores are 

 frequrnted by nuinrrous aquatic bird*. The climate is healthy, except 

 in a few low *poU on the banks of the lake and in the valley of the 

 Chiana near Citt* delU Piere. 



The principal town* of the province are PEBOOIA ; A&sisi ; NOCERA. 

 Aim*, a pleasant well-built town on the Topiuo, on or near the site 

 of the aucirnt Kulginium, is said to have risen to importance only 

 about the 1 1 th century, after the destruction of the neighbouring town 

 of Kuniin Klaminii. It has a handsome cathedral, several other fine 

 churches ; manufacture* of woollens and silks, extensive paper-mills, 

 and 7300 inhabitant*. Tudi, the ancient Ttulertum, a city first of the 

 Umbri, next of the Ktruncans, and afterwards a Roman colony, stands 

 on a hill above the Tiber. It has a cathedra], and another handsome 

 church built after the design of Bramante, with several remains of 

 Etruscan and Roman antiquities, among which are the town walla 

 and the ruin* of a temple of Han. The population is about 3000. 

 dad di Cattello, a well-built town, with 5000 inhabitants, in the valley 

 of the Upper Tiber, near the border* of Tuscany, contains several fine 

 church' (in which are some good paintings), and n palace of the former 

 baronial family of Vitelli. t'ittd deUa Pieve, a small town situated on 

 an eminence above the Chiana, ha* about 2000 inhabitants. Gualdo, a 

 walled town of 5000 inhabitants, near the site of the ancient Tadiuum, 

 i* situated at the foot of the Apennines. Its neighbourhood was the 

 scene of the defeat of the Goths under Totila by the Romans uuder 

 Nan* H. ffitllo, a few mile* north of Foligno, is on the site of the 

 ancient IIi~pellum, of which there are still considerable remains of its 

 walla, a Roman Kate called Porta Veueris, a triumphal arch in honour 

 of the emperor Macriuus, and an amphitheatre in the plain below the 

 town. Spello ha* several churches, with good paintings, a college, 

 and about 2400 inhabitants. 



PERUGIA, the chief town of the province of Perugia, in the States 

 of the Church, is built on a high bill which forms two summits, on the 

 left bank of the Tiber, 82 miles N. from Rome, and has about 19,000 

 inhabitant*, including the suburb?. It U surrounded by walls iu the 

 form of a polygon. The street* are wide, and the squares are lined by 

 massive oil buildings. It has also numerous churches with lofty 

 dome*, fine gates, and retains all the appearance of an important 

 though now nomewhat decayed city. Perugia is a bishop's see, and it 

 ha* a long-established university, which is attended by between 300 

 and 400 student*. In connection with the university are a library of 

 30,000 volumes with some valuable manuscripts, a botanic:il garden, a 

 collection of minerals, and a cabinet of antiquities, rich in Etruscan 

 inscriptions, bronzes, vases, and medals. The Academy of the Fine 

 Arts ha* a collection of pictures by natives of Perugia and its terri- 

 tory; there are also several private galleries of paintings. Perugia 

 has a school of music, two theatre*, a dramatic academy, assembly- 

 rooms, and a literary club. The circumference of the walls is above 

 six mile*, but much of the area within is not built upon. The citadel, 

 from which there U a splendid view, was built by Pope Paul III. 

 Perugia has manufactories of silks, woollens, and soap; brandy 

 distilleries ; and a considerable trade in the products of its fertile 

 territory corn, oil, wool, wine, and cattle. Large cattle-fairs are held 

 in August and November. 



Among the many churches of Perugia, said to be above a hundred, 

 the rnot remarkable are the Duomo, or cathedral, which is built in the 

 gothic style and decorated with good paintings. A celebrated painting 

 by Perngino, representing the Marriage of the Virgin, which adorned 

 this church, was Ukcn away, with many other master-pieces, at the 

 first invasion of Bonaparte. The church of Son Francesco formerly 

 contained the Descent from the Croat, by RaSaelle, now in the 

 Borghese Gallery. The vast Benedictine convent of San Pietro is 

 dsoorated with several pajntings by VassrL The church of San 

 Domenico has a flue coloured -glass window in the choir ; it contains 

 also the finely culptiirml tomb of Pope Benedict XL, who died at 

 Perugia in 1304. The town-house (Paluio dei Priori), a vast gothic 

 :g, and the residence of the delegate and of the municipal autho- 

 rities, contains the archives of Perugia. The old exchange i* adorned 

 with beautiful frescoes by Pcrugino. The square before the cathedral 

 contains a duo fountain, with sculptures by Giovanni da Pisa. In the 

 square Del 1 apa is the bronze statue of Julius III. seated in a chair, 



ca*t by Vino.-nzo Danti of Perugia. The Place Grimaua has a hand- 

 some gate, said to be of Etruscan construction, but called the Arch of 

 Augustus. The church of San Angelo is built on the site and with 

 the materials of an ancient temple. About a mile from the walls of 

 the town there is an ancient Etruscan sepulchral structure, with an 

 arched vault and an Etruscan inscription. Many objects of remote 

 antiquity have been discovered in the immediate vicinity of the city, 

 which are deposited in the Archaeological Museum. 



Perutia was one of the principal cities of ancient Etruria, but it 

 seems to have been built before the Etruscan dominion by a colony of 

 Umbri from Sarsina. (Servius, x. 201.) It acted a principal part in 

 the wars of the Etruscans against Rome ; its troops were defeated by 

 the consul L. Fabius Haximus, and then Perusia, together with Arre- 

 tium, sued for peace and paid tribute to Rome, B.C. 294. (Livy, 

 x. 31, 37.) In the second Punic war Perusia was one of the uilu'.l 

 towns that sent timber and provisions to Scipio to fit out his aruia- 

 iiii-ut against Africa. During the second triumvirate, the consul 

 Lucius Antonius shut himself up iu the town of Perusia, where he 

 sustained a long siege, uud at last, through famine, was obliged to 

 surrender to Octaviauus, who gave up the town to plunder. Perusia 

 was on that occasion nearly destroyed by fire. It was afterwards 

 rebuilt under the name of Perusia Augusta. At the full of the 

 Western empire it was devastated by the Goths under Toiilu. It 

 afterwards ruled itself for a time as a free municipality, had r 

 tions of Guelphg and Ghibelines, its own tyrants, and at last sut > 

 voluntarily to the rule of Braccio da Moutoue, one of the best chief- 

 tains of the middle ages. Pope Paul III. united it to the Papal State. 



PERUWELZ. [HAINAULT.] 



PE'SARO-E-URBI'NO, a legation or province of the States of the 

 Church, is bounded E. by the province of Anemia, N. by the Adriatic, 

 \V. by the province of Forli and Tuscany, and S. by the province of 

 Perugia. The area is 1358 square miles : the population in 1850 wan 

 241,612. The central ridge of the Apennines, which divides the pro- 

 vince of Pesaro-e-Urliiuo from Tuscany, projects eastward towards the 

 Adriatic in the neighbourhood of Urbino, and sends off several offsets, 

 which run to the sea-coast, forming the natural boundary between 

 Northern and Southern Italy. The mountain on which Sun Marino 

 stands forms part of one of these offsets. [SAN MARINO. J Several 

 streams ruu iu a north-east direction from the Apennines to t : 

 The Conca runs between the provinces of Forli and Pesaro, and enters 

 the sea near La Cattolica. The Foglia (ancient Piaaurua) rises iu the 

 Apennines of Carpegna, on the Tuscan border, and enters the sea at 

 the town of Pesaro. Farther south is the Metauro, the largest river 

 in the province, which rises on the east side of the Apennines that 

 bound the valley of the upper Tiber. It runs first due east, then 

 north-east past Fossombrone, and enters the sea near Fano, after a 

 course of 60 miles. The principal feeder of the Metauro is the 

 Cautiano, which comes from the mountains of Gubbio, and joins it on 

 the right bank between Fossombrone and Furlo. According to a 

 tradition among the country-people, the spot at which Hasdrubul \v;n 

 defeated and killed is a plain above the confluence of the Cantiano. 

 A tower on a hill, on the right bank of the Metauro, is called the 

 Sepulchre of Hasdrubal. Tue Flaminian road from Fano crosses the 

 Metauro above Fossombrone, and follows the course of the Cantiano, 

 ascending the Apennines above the source of the latter river, and 

 afterwards descending by Gualdo to Nocera. The Cesauo rises iu the 

 mountains of Avellana, parses Pergola, and enters the sea north-west 

 of Sinigaglia. The Misa enters the sea at Sinigaglia. 



The surface of the province is hilly ; some parts of it are very 

 fertile, but the mountains are generally barren. The lower hills are 

 planted with vines and olive- and mulberry-trees. Good pasture is also 

 abundant. Coal is found near Pesaro. 



Towns. UBBINO. Peiaro, the ancient Pisaurum, a well-built town 

 and a bishop's see, built upon a rocky and wooded bill above the 

 mouth of the Foglia, has several fine churches with, some good 

 paintings ; several palaces, one of which is the residence of the legate ; 

 a public library of 15,000 volumes, with a museum and a cabinet of 

 models. Pesaro has a small harbour, several manufactories of silks, 

 pottery and glass, and leather, and about 17,000 inhabitants. It ia 

 surrounded by a bastioned wall. In the 16th century it was the 

 residence of the dukes della Itovere, great patrons of literature and 

 the arts. The surrounding territory, which produces excellent figs, 

 is covered with pleasant country-houses. Pesaro has a civil and 

 criminal court, a commercial tribunal, a college, anil a clerical semi- 

 nary. It is the birthplace of Rossini. Pano, the ancient fanum 

 Fortunce, is a sea-port town at the mouth of the Metauro, with about 

 10,000 inhabitants. It has a triumphal arch dedicated to Augustus, 

 several churches with paintings by Guido aud Guercino, a handsome 

 theatre, some silk manufactories, and a public library. The town is 

 surrounded by walls. The harbour is nearly useless, from the accu- 

 mulation of sand ; only vessels of very light draught enter it. 

 Sinigaglia, the ancient Sena Gallica, is a bustling town with a small 

 harbour, several churches and convents, aud about 8000 inhabitants. 

 It is chiefly remarkable on account of its great fair, which is held in 

 the month of July, and ia frequented by trades-people from all parts 

 of Italy, and also from other countries, for the sale and purchase of 

 colonial produce, and of British, French, and German manufactures. 

 All articles enter the fair free, but pay duty on passing the gates into 



