153 



PESCARA. 



PETERBOROUGH. 



164 



the country. The fair of Sioigaglia has been held since 1200, and 

 was m ide free by Pope Paul II. in 1464. Foaombrone, situated on a 

 hill about a mile and a half from the ruins of Forum Sempronii, which 

 are lower down the banks of the Metauro, is a bishop's see, has 

 several churches and convents, a bridge over the Metauro, and about 

 6500 inhabitants. The silk manufactured by steam machinery at 

 Fossombrone ia considered the best in Italy. The town is also famous 

 for its woollen manufactures. The Flamioiau Way from Fano to 

 Foligno through Fossombrone traverses an extremely beautiful country 

 on the left bank of the Metauro. Crossing the Metauro, it tlieu 

 runs up the left bank of the C-mtiauo, traversing the scene of the 

 great battle in which Hasdrubal was slain, B.C. 207. At the Pass of 

 Furlo the road is carried for above half a mile on shelves and through 

 a tunnel, cut in the rocky precipices that overhang the Cantiano. 

 (ruMto, the ancient Igurium, a city of the Umbri, is situated on the 

 southern slope uf the Apennines, near the source of the Chiascio, an 

 afflueut of the Tiber. It hag several churches and other buildings 

 worthy of notice, and about 5000 inhabitants. Old Iguvium was in a 

 lower situation than the present town ; the amphitheatre is still in toler- 

 able preservation. There is also an ancient tomb, with other remains of 

 antiquity. Traces of the temple of Jupiter Apennius, an old deity 

 of the Umbri, are visible a few mile* from Gubbio. In this neigh- 

 bourhood also were found, about the middle of the lath century, the 

 seven bronze tablets written partly in Etruscan and partly in Latin 

 character*, and known by the name of the Eugubine Tables, which are 

 now in the muirum of Gubbio. Cayli, the ancient Callit, a Roman 

 colony, on the Flaminian road, has about 10,000 inhabitants, some 

 remains of antiquity, and an important trade iu leather and dre-sed 

 skina. I'rbanta, a modern town, which derives its name from Pope 

 Urban VIII., is situated on the banks of the Metauro; has a collegiate 

 church, a manufactory of majolica, or delft ware, and about 4400 

 inhabitants. Ptryota, on the Cesano, has 5600 inhabitants, and 

 extensive carpet-factories. 

 PESCARA. [ABRUZzo.] 

 PESCIA. [FlBlicZE.1 

 PKSCINA. [ABRCZZO.l 

 PESCO COSTANZO. [ABBOZZO.] 



PESHAWUR, formerly a frontier town of Afghanistan, is now 

 include*! in the government of the Punjab, and occupied permanently 

 by a body of UritUh troops. The town is situated in a spacious and 

 well-watered plain, in 34" N. lat, 71 38' W. long., 12 miles E. from 

 the Khyber Pass, and 40 miles W. from Attock. The town, which is 

 about 5 miles in circumference, u defended by a fort, and contains 

 population of about 50,000. The streets are narrow, but are pared ; 

 the booses are generally constructed of brick. The pnblio building! 

 include the mosques and a large caravanserai. 



-'.JUKIKA. [BBBA.1 



PESTH, the most populous city in Hungary, Is situated in 47 30' 

 V. lat, 19" 4' E. long., on the left or east bulk of the Danube, about 

 20 mile* from the spot where the course of the river, till then nearly 

 from west to east, make* a sudden bend to the south. On the other 

 ride of the Danube, which is here about 1500 feet broad, is the city 

 of Ofen. [BcDA.] The two cities are connected by a bridge of boats, 

 and by a fine suspension bridge, erected by Mr. Tierney Clark, an 

 English engineer, and opened in January 1849. The city of Pesth is 

 about 7 miles in circumference. It consists of five principal parts 

 1, the old town, which, though antiquated and irregularly built, 

 contains some fine buildings ; 2, the Leopoldstadt, or new town ; 3, 

 the Theresienstadt ; 4, the Josephstadt ; and 5, the Kranxstadt so 

 named after the sovereigns in whose reigns they were built Leopold- 

 stadt is now joined to the old town, the walls which formerly sur- 

 rounded the latter having been levelled to make room for new 

 buil.lings. LeopoMstadt is built on a very regular plan. The other 

 three parts or suburbs are separated from these two by a very broad 

 street The population of the city, including the garrison, is about 

 72,000, of whom about five-sixths are Roman Catholics. Among the 

 12 Roman Catholic churches, that of the university is distinguished 

 by its fine steeple and excellent fresco paintings. The Greek church 

 U one of the finent buildings in the city, but the Calvinist churches 

 are very plain edifice*. Of the other public buildings, the following 

 deserve notice : the great barracks built by Charles VI. ; the hospital 

 of invalids, which serves as barracks for a regiment of artillery ; the 

 theatre, a very handsome edifice, capable of containing 3000 spectators ; 

 the national museum, and the university. The university was founded 

 in 13S at Tyrnau. In 1777 it was transferred by Maria Theresa to 

 Ofen, and in 1784 by Joseph II. to Pesth. There are 45 professors 

 and about 700 students. The university has a library of 60,000 

 volumes, a cabinet of natural history, and an anatomical and patho- 

 logical collection. Connected with it are th botanic garden, the 

 veterinary nehool, the university hospital, and the observatory at Ofen. 

 [BCDA. ) The national miweum, which is independent of the university, 

 was founded by Count Sxecsenyi, who gave to it his fine library 

 and a valuable collection of Hungarian coins and medals. The col- 

 lection of coins and medals contains above 60,000 specimens, of which 

 toe Greek. Roman, and other antique silver medals amount to above 

 12,000. The gymnasium of the Piarists has 800 scholars; and the 

 city normal school (likewise in the convent of the Piarists), above 400. 

 The M*gyar Academy a an institution of recent establishment. 



The manufactures of Pesth are of silk, cotton, leather, jewellery, 

 and musical instruments ; that of tobacco is a government monopoly. 

 Peath has, next to Vienna, the greatest trade of any city on the 

 Danube. It has four fairs, each of which lasts a fortnight. The 

 principal articles sold are manufactures and colonial produce, and the 

 natural products of the country, such as cattle, wine, wool, tobacco, 

 and raw hides, honey, wax, &<x The environs of PestU are not 

 picturesque, the city being situated on a. sandy plain, but there are 

 some fine promenades, such as the Grove, a mile and a half from the 

 city ; the gardens of Barou Orczy ; and the Palatine, or Margaret 

 Island, in the Danube, which is laid out in walks and gardens with 

 great taste, Pesth is connected by railway with Vienna. 



Pesth has been frequently laid waste by war, and was for nearly 

 160 years in the possession of the Turks, who were not finally 

 expelld till 1686. Civil war followed, and at the beginning of the 

 18th century Pesth was one of the most inconsiderable towns in the 

 kingdom. Its improvement may be dated from the reign of Maria 

 Theresa, and it has since been progressive and rapid. The winter of 

 1838 was disastrous to Pesth, above 1200 houses being destroyed by 

 the overflowing of the Danube, but in rebuilding the houses consider- 

 able improvement waa effected iu the appearance of the town. The 

 Hungarian insurrection of 1848 affected very materially the condition 

 of lY-t li and of its sister town, Buda. The principal incidents of the 

 struggle, so far as the Hungarian capital is concerned, are noticed in 

 the article BUDA. 



PETERBOROUGH, Northamptonshire, a city, parliamentary bo- 

 rough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the left bank 

 of the river Nen, iu 52 35' N. lat, 15' W. long., distant 40 milea 

 N.E. from Northampton, 81 miles N. by W. from London by road, and 

 76 miles by the Great Northern railway. The population of the 

 parliamentary borough in 1851 was 8672. The borough returns two 

 members to the Imperial Parliament The living is a vicarage in the 

 archdeaconry of Northampton and diocese of Peterborough. Peter- 

 borough Poor-Law Union contains 40 parishes and township?, with an 

 area of 100,514 acres, and a population in 1851 of 28,957. 



At this place a Benedictine abbey was founded by Peada, son of 

 Penda, king of the Mercians, soon after the revival of Christianity 

 among the Saxons. About 870 the abbey was destroyed by the 

 Danes ; it was restored in the reign of Edgar, about which time the 

 name of Burgh, otherwise Gilden-burgh, from the wealth and splendour 

 of the abbey, or Petcr-buri;h, from the saint to whom it w&s dedicated, 

 was applied to the town. On two occasions the greater part of the village 

 and the abbey were destroyed by fire. The monastic buildings were 

 gradually restored ami augmented ; and at the dissolution of the religious 

 houses under Henry VI 1 1., Peterborough was one of the most magnificent 

 abbeys then existing. Having been selected as the seat of one of the 

 new bishoprics erected by Henry, the buildings were preserved entire. 

 In the civil war of Charles I. great devastations were committed. 

 The cathedral itself was much injured, and many of the other con- 

 ventual buildings were utterly demolished and the materials sold. 



The city is regularly laid out and well-paved and lighted. The 

 corn exchange, a neat building in the Italian style, erected in 184S, 

 contains a spacious market-room, lighted by a handsome lantern roof. 

 The jail and house of correction for the liberty of Peterborough is in 

 the Norman style. Besides the cathedral, there is a large pariah 

 church, a handsome (tone building. There are also chapels for 

 Wesleyan Methodists, Independents, Baptists, and Primitive Metho- 

 dists. The Cathedral Grammar or Chapter school has an endowment 

 of 100/. per annum for the education of 20 boys, who receive an 

 annual payment of 52. each, and are entitled to compete for three 

 scholarships at St John's College, Cambridge. The number of scholars 

 in 1854 was 33. There are also another Endowed school, National 

 and Infant schools, and a mechanics institute, with a library, a dispen- 

 sary and infirmary, rebuilt in 1845, and a savings bank. There are 

 amshouses for 52 poor persons. 



The cathedral of Peterborough is a regular cruciform structure of 

 Norman and early English character, remarkable for the solidity and 

 maasiveness of its construction. Its erection was commenced in 1117 

 by John de Sain, or Scez, a Norman, then abbot. It is probable that 

 the choir was the part first erected. It has a semicircular eastern 

 end : the aisles have subsequently been carried out square by an 

 addition of perpendicular character. The building was carried on 

 by degrees under successive abbots. The central tower is low, 

 and forms a lantern. The fine western front of the cathedral 

 is an addition to the nave ; it consists of a lofty portico of three 

 compartments, that in the centre being the narrowest; each com- 

 partment has an arch equal in height to the nave, supported by 

 triangular pien faced with clustered shafts, and U surmounted by a 

 lofty and richly ornamented pediment and a cross. At each extremity 

 of the western front in a lofty turret, flanked at the angles by clustered 

 shafts and pinnacles, and crowned with spires. The inner roof of 

 the nave and of the gn at transepts ia painted wood ; the choir has a 

 wooden groined roof of very inferior workmanship and appearance. 

 The dimensions of the church are as follows : Total length 476 feet 

 5 inches, breadth of the nave and aisles 78 feet, height of the ceiling 

 of the church 78 feet, breadth of the church at the great transepts 

 203 feet, breadth of the transepts 69 feet, height of lantern 135 feet; 

 length of the western front 156 feet, height of the turrets at the 



