

PETERSBURG, ST. 



of UM west front 150 feet, (Might of ths central tower 

 from UM gnmad liO fct. At UM west end is a large court, the entry 

 to bieh from the town is by gaUway of Norman architecture, 

 with KMBe laUr additions. On the oath tide of the court is a range 

 at the aoci-nt munuuc building*. On tli graaUr part of the oilier 

 Mm UM omthedral ii surrounded by Uo ancient cemetery of the 

 Jlliiia The ratiMM gt to Uus cemetery from the western court 

 Is t.y a gate of late perpendicular architecture, remarkably rich in 

 ornament. UM bidbop'e secretary's office, and ragietry for wills and 

 ilhmiiss documenU. latoly erected in the minster precincts, harmonises 

 in *t> U- with UM cathedral building*. 



The trade carried OB at Peterborough U chiefly in corn, coal, timber, 

 lime, bricks, and atone. There ii a vary extensive (team flour-mill. 

 Th Men U navigable for boata. Mark. U are held on Wednesday and 

 SstimUy ; and fairs are held on July 10th and October 2nd. 



TlMT* is no corporation at Peterborough. The dean and chapter 

 zerciM a certain jurisdiction ; th< ir steward holds a court for trying 

 all actions, personal or mixed, arising within the city. Peterborough 

 has sent members to parliament from 1 Edward VI. (1647). 



The bishopric of Peterborough comprehends the counties of 

 LeicnUr, Northampton, and Rutland, and is divided into the arch- 

 deaooorieo of Northampton and Leicester. It consists of 624 benefices, 

 and includes the dean, 2 archdeacons, 4 canons, 1 4 honorary canons, 

 S minor canons, and a chancellor. The income of the bishop is fixed 

 at 45001 



PBTKRBOROUOH. [CABADA.] 



1'KTKKllK.Al), Aberdoenshire, Scotland, a parliamentary burgh and 

 sea-port, in the parish of Petcrbead, is situated in 57" 30' N. lat, 

 1* 46' W. long., about 82 miles N.N.E. from Aberdeen, on a peninsula 

 running south-eastward into the North Sea. The two harbours, the 

 New North Harbour and the South Harbour, are near the south- 

 eastern extremity of the peninsula, in opposite tides of which they 

 are formed ; both harbours are furnished with quays and protected 

 by piers. The population in 18(1 was 7298. The town is governed 

 by a provost and 11 councillors. It unites with Banff, Cullen, Elgin, 

 Inrerury, and Kintore in the return of one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. The streets of the town sre generally paved with dressed 

 granite and lighted with gas. The bouses are built of granite, which 

 is quarried near the town. The principal public building is the town- 

 halt The market-cross is a granite pillar of the Tuscan order. The 

 pariah church has a granite spire 118 feet high. There are chapels 

 iwopalians, the Free Church, United Presbyterian*, and Inde- 

 pendents, a parochial school, the 'town school;' a reading socit-ty, 

 with a large library ; a scientific association, and a news-room. The 

 chief exports are urain, meal, butter, pork, herrings, cod-fish, and eggs ; 

 the imports are lime, wool, timber, salt, flour, and general merchandise. 

 The number of vessels registered as belonging to the port of Peter- 

 bead on December 31st 1853 was 48. of 9731 tons. During the year 

 1863 there entered the port 665 sailing-vessels, of 38,321 tons, and 

 24 steam-vessels, of 3888 tons burden ; and there cleared 664 gailing- 

 vesseli, of 40.778 tons, and 24 steam-vessels, of 3888 tons burden. 

 The herring fishery is usually productive. There is a salmon fishery 

 in the river Ugie. The market is on Friday ; two half-yearly fairs 

 are held. 



A few miles south from Peterhead, on the sea-coast, are situated the 

 Bullers of Buchan, a nearly round basin, about 30 yards wide, formed 

 in a hollow rock which projects into the sea. The waves enter the 

 basin under a natural arch. It is open at the top, round which there 

 is a narrow path about 30 yards from the water ; when the sea is high 

 in a storm tlie scene is exceedingly grand. 



PETERSBUKO, ST., a government of European Russia, extends 

 from 67* 56' to 60 85' N. lat., 21 5' to 33 62' E. long. It is formed 

 of the ancient province of Ingermannland, or Ingria, a part of Carelia, 

 and some circles formerly belonging to Novogorod. It U bounded 

 N. by the Oulf of Finland, Finland, and Lake Ladoga ; E. by Novo- 

 gorod ; 8. by Pskow ; and W. by Lake Peipus and Esthonia. 



The country is for the most part level, and in the north-east part it 

 is low, and full of swamps and morasses. In tbe south it Is rather 

 more elevated. The government contains many forests and some 

 good arable land More than half of the surface U covered by 

 morasses, forests, and lake*. The principal lakes are the Ladoga, 

 Peipus, and Pskow. The chief rivers are the Neva, the Luga, the 

 Narova, and the Wolohow. Tbe Neva issues from Lake Ladoga, near 

 UM fortress of Schlusselburg, from which point to it* mouth the whole 

 course, including the windings of the river, is 40 miles to the Bay of 

 CronsUdt. which may be considered as the mouth of the river. The 

 banks are rather elevated ; the breadth varies from 600 to 1200 feet, and 

 the water U remarkably pure, light, and limpid. Within the city of 

 8t Petersburg it divides into several branches. The climate is cold, 

 damp, and not favourable to agriculture. The summer is short, but in 

 general fine and often very hot : thunder-storms are neither f reqm-nt nor 

 viol, tit The an- of tbe government is about 20,520 square miles. It 

 is divided into nine circles. The population in 1846 was 643,700, 

 exclusive of the capital. The crops raised are insufficient to supply the 

 great population of the capital There are in the vicinity of St. Peters- 

 burg fine gardens and parks ; kitchen-gardens, which produce veget- 

 ables in abundance, and numerous hot-bouses which supply the capital 

 with pines, melons, pine-apples, asparagus, Ac. Timber is the chief 



source of wealth; tbe forests, though much injured by waste and bad 

 management, being still of immense extent. The country-people rear 

 great numbers of geese, ducks, and turkeys for the markets of St. 

 Petersburg. Fish are tolerably abundant The mineral kingdom 

 affords granite, limestone, marl, brick-earth, potters' -clay, &c. Tho 

 villagers manufacture wooden wares of various kinds. Trade aud 

 manufactures nre almost wholly confined to the capital : there are 

 however considerable manufactories of cloth, camlet, ami blankets, as 

 well as several glass-houses at Jamburg (2000 inhabitants), on the 

 Luga, and of printed calico at SchltutMurg, on aa island where the 

 Neva issues from Lake Ladoga. Narva, the capital town of the circle 

 of Narva, is situated in 59 24' N. lat, 28 12' E. long., and has a 

 population of 6500, moat of whom are of German descent. It stands 

 .-hiirtly on the left bank of the river Narowa, which comes from Lake 

 Peipus and falls into the Gulf of Finland about 10 miles below the 

 town. It is surrounded with a rampart, aud in the suburb of Ivau- 

 gorod, on the other side of the river, there are tlie remains of a large 

 fortress. Narva is divided into the old and new town, wiiich are 

 separated by a rampart aud by the river. The houses are well built 

 of brick, and stuccoed white. There are 7 stone and 2 wooden Greek 

 churches, and 2 stone Lutheran churches, an exchange, and a good 

 German school The port has a considerable export trade iu balks, 

 planks, flax, hemp, corn, and furs. The fishery in the Baltic is very 

 productive, and the lampreys and smoked salmon of Narva are cele- 

 brated. The barks which come down the Narowa from Lake Peipus 

 are unloaded about a mile from the town, at the island of Kragholm, 

 where there is a fall in the river about 12 feet perpendicular. Narva 

 was built in the year 1213 by King Waldemar. On the 30th Nov., 

 1700, King Charles XII., with 8200 Swedes, totally defeated 6u,000 

 Russians under Peter the Great, .ind the Duke of Croy, and stormed 

 their intrenched camp uear the towu. In 1704 however Peter the 

 Great took it by storm, and it has ever since remained in the possession 

 of Russia, (lattchina, situated on a beautiful lake formed by the 

 Ischora, has 7000 inhabitants, a military orphan-house, a foundling 

 hospital, and a palace, formerly a favourite residence of tbe late 

 empress, the consort of Alexander I. Tzartkocelo, or the Emperor's 

 Village, about 15 miles S. from St. Petersburg, has sprung up around 

 the palace of that name, which was erected by the empress Elizabeth, 

 and restored after a fire by Alexander I. [CKUSSIADT; PETERS- 

 BURG. ST.] 



PETERSBURG, ST., the capital of the Russian empire, is situated 

 in 59 56' N. lat., 30 20' E. long., at the eastern extremity of the 

 Gulf of Finland, aud at the mouth of the river Neva, and had 

 473,437 inhabitants in 1848. St. Petersburg has at first sight a 

 striking appearance : the breadth and cleanliness of the streets, the 

 elegance of the buildings, the noble canals which traverse the city, and 

 the regularity of the edifices on their banks, make altogether a most 

 impressive spectacle. All is grand, extensive, large, and open ; the 

 streets seem to consist entirely of palaces; the edifices are lofty and 

 elegant. The public structures, quays, piers, and ramparts, are com- 

 posed of masses of solid granite. In 1703 Peter the Great chose this 

 spot, then just taken from the Swedes, for the site of a fortified sea- 

 port. In sume respects the position was unfavourable as the site of 

 a capital. It was a low marshy island, in summer covered with mud, 

 and in winter a frozen pool. The adjacent country was covered with 

 marshes and impenetrable forests, the haunts of bears and wolves. 

 But it was important to have a strong position like th is as a check 

 upon the Swedes : besides, this was the only place through which an 

 intercourse could be established with civilised Europe, an object which 

 Peter had much at heart. When Peter the Great died in 1725 the city 

 contained 75,000 inhabitants ; iu 1762, when Catherine II. ascended 

 the throne, the population was 110,000; it is now about 600,000, of 

 whom nearly two-thirds are males. 



The Neva, on tbe banks and islands of which the city is built, runs 

 first towards the north, aud then turning to the west, sends out 

 towards the north an arm called the Nevka, which again divides into 

 two branches called the Great and the Little Nevka. The main river, 

 after throwing out tbe Nevka, divides into two branches the Little 

 Neva, which runs north-west ; aud the Great Neva, which runs south- 

 west. Thus the Gulf of Cronstadt receives the Neva by four great 

 arms, which form several islands. On the island to which the name 

 of St. Petersburg was first given Peter laid the foundations of a 

 fortress. In the spring of 1703 he collected a number of Russian, 

 Tartar, Cossack, Caluiuck, Finnish, and other peasants, and workmen 

 were sent for from all parts of the empire. At this period, in conse- 

 quence of the state of war, soldiers were encamped on both sides of 

 the Neva, The great difficulty was to find subsistence for so many 

 persons. The surrounding country was desolated by a long war, and 

 provisions were very scarce aud dear. The workmen, exposed to cold 

 and damp, perished from fatigue and want, and the foundation of St. 

 Petersburg cost the lives of 100,000 men. 



The city, iu its present state, is of a circular form, but rather irre- 

 gular. Tbe circuit is nearly twenty miles, but the smaller portion of 

 the area is covered with buildings. Fires frequently occur, in conse- 

 quence of many houses being built of wood ; but wooden houses 

 are not allowed to be built now, except in the suburbs. The most 

 considerable and the handsomest portion is the southern, on the left bank 

 of the Neva, including the four Admiralty quarters ; between this and 



