It* 



KTSMflKUX 



1'HASia 



160 



.h.( are built, UM bull U usually ooaatmatod at St Pet*r.l.urg, and 

 UMU towed down UM HTM- by steamers to be fitud up at Cronitadt 

 IB UM lnui.il Uwj are plaofd on large rufu called camel*. A canal 



i UM river system of the Nets with that of the Volga, thus 

 affording an unbroken water communication between the Baltic anil 

 UM Caspian MM, a distance of upward, ofl 400 mil*. St Petersburg 

 b oocuwcted by railway with Moscow, a distance of 400 milea, 



.M,lix-r. TW */, >to (fcfa*. Skorw, <id (,'.<. Ix>ndon, 1854 ; 

 Kohl ; PUm e/3L PHtnkury, published by the Society for the Diffusion 

 of I'M-ful Knowledge.) 



PETEKSK1 KLl>, Hunpahire.a market town, parliamentary borough, 

 and UM Mat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parih of Petenfield, in 

 aituated in 61' 1' N. lat. 0' 58' W. long., distant 18 milea R. by S. 

 from Winchester, and 54 mile* S.W. from I.ondoD. The population of 

 UM parliamentary borough in 1881 waa 65iO. A uinyor is chosen 

 annually, but hia only function U that of retuming-officer at parlia- 

 mentary rMsUooa. The borough returns one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. The living is a curacy, annexed to the rectory of Buriton, 

 in UM archdeaconry and diooese of Winchester. PetenSeld Poor-Law 

 Union contains 13 parishes and townships, with an area of 40,112 acres, 

 and a population in 1851 of T814. 



PeUnfold U a clean country town, well supplied with water, 

 lighted with gas, and pared. Besides the parochial chapel, a building 

 chiefly of the 12th century, with fine Norman arches, there are a 

 chapel for Independents, Churcher's college or school, National, 

 British, and Infant schools, a library and reading-room, and a sa\ings 

 bank. Near the chapel is an equestrian statue of William III. A 

 county court U held. The market is on alternate Wednesdays. Fairs 

 for cattle and sheep are held on July 10th and December llth. 



PBTERWARDEIN, or PETERVARA. the principal and frontier 

 fortress of Austrian Slavonia, is situated in 45 15' N. lat, 19 55' 

 E. long., in the neighbourhood of some mountains and fruitful hills, 

 on the right bank of the Danube. On n rock isolated on three sides 

 stan<ls the upper fortress and the horn work; at the northern foot 

 of the rock lies the lower fortress, which includes what is properly 

 the town, and is partly on a gentle slope. It is a place of extraordinary 

 strength both by nature and art. The lower fortress has very broad 

 and deep moats which may be filled with water from the Danube. 

 One principal street, and two others parallel to it, with a pretty exten- 

 sive parade, form the whole town. Th principal buildings are the 

 arsenal, the residence of the caininandant, and the Catholic church. 

 The population of the town not including the garrison is stated at 

 8860. The fortress is capable of containing a parrison of 10,000 men. 

 Patcrwardein is connected, by a bridge of boats over the Danube 

 (here 700 feet wide, and from 50 to 60 feet deep), with the Hungarian 

 town of Neusatc, on the opposite bank. [HuNOART.1 



PETHERTON. [SOMERSETSHIKE.] 



PETOKCA. fAcoNCAOOA.] 



PETRA, which lay nearly half way between the Dead Sea and the 

 bead of the . lanitic Qulf, was one of the most important towns in 

 UM north of Arabia, and the capital of the Nabathxi. It is in all 

 probability the Sela of the Old Testament, which signifies, like the 

 Greek word, a ' rock.' This town, which originally belonged to the 

 Edomitoe, was taken by Amaziah, king of Judah, who changed its 

 name into that of Joktbeel ( 2 Kings, xiv. 7 ; compare Joseph., 

 'Antiq.,' jx. 9, 1) ; but it seems in later times to have belonged to 

 the Moabites. (Isaiah xvi 1.) 



Petra U described by Strabo (xvi. p. 779) and Pliny ('Hist. Nat,' 

 Ti. 82) as situated on level ground about two miles in circumference, 

 and surrounded by precipitous mountains, the principal one of which 

 has be*n identified with Mount Hor of the Old Testament. The towu 

 itself was well watered, but the surrounding country, and especially 

 the part towards Judaea, was a complete desert. It was 600 Roman 

 miles from Uaxa, and three or four days' journey from Jericho. In 

 UM time of Augustus, Petra was a large and important town, and its 

 eTaatoese "PP** * D " e been Principally owing to its situation, 

 which caused it to be a great halting-place 'fur caravans. It main- 

 tained its independence against the attempts of the Greek kings of 

 Syria (Died. Sic., xix. 5-7 >, and was governed by a native prince in 

 the time of Strabo. It was taken by Trajan (Dion Caw., Ixviii. 14); 

 and it appears from coin thnt Hadrian called it after his own name. 



The ruin of Petra still exist in the Wady Musa, two days' journey 

 from the Dead Sea, and the same distance north-east of Akaba. 

 Captains Irby and Mangles visited Petra in 1818, and gave a minute 

 description of the ruins, and from them and from M. Laborde, who 

 publish*! an account in 1836, we take the following notice : The 

 principal entrance to the town was through a narrow valley formed by 

 the passage of a (mail rivulet through the rock, which in some places 

 only leaves room for the passage of two horsemen abreast. This 

 narrow valley extends for nearly two miles ; and on each side of it 

 thre are numerous tombs cut out of the rocks, which, as you approach 

 the city, become more frequent on both sides, till at length nothing is 

 seen but a continued street of tombs. Nearly at the termination of 

 this valley there are the ruins of a magnificent temple, entirely cut 

 out of the rock, "the minutest embellishment* of which, wherever 

 UM band of man has not purposely effaced them, are so perfect that 

 it may be doubted whether any work of the ancients, excepting 

 perhaps some on the banks of the Nile, hnve come down to our time 



so little injured by the lapse of age. There is in fact scarcely a building 

 of forty years' standing in Kngland so well preserved in the greater 

 part of iU architectural decorations." 



After passing this temple, the valley conducts to the theatre, "and 

 here the ruins of the city burst on the view in their full grandeur, 

 shut in on their opposite sides by barren craggy precipices, from which 

 numerous ravines and valleys, like those we had passed, branch out 

 in all directions. The sides of the mountain*, covered with an emlleiut 

 variety of excavated tombs and private dwellings, presented altogether 

 the most singular scene we have ever behold, and we must despair of 

 giving the reader an idea of the singular effect of rocks tinted witli 

 the most extraordinary hues, whose summits present to us nature iu 

 her most savage and romantic form, while their bases are worked on in 

 all the symmetry and regularity of art, with colonnade and pediments, 

 and ranges of corridors adhering to the perpendicular surface." 



1'K I'ROPAWLOVSKI. [AWATBKA BAY.I 



PETROZAVODSK. [OLOXETZ.] 



PETTIGOE. [DONKOAL; FERMANAGH.] 



PET WORTH, Sussex, a market-town, and the seat of n Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Petworth, is situated in 50" 59' N. lat., 36' 

 W. long., distant 14 miles N.N.E. from Chichester and 49 miles S.S \V. 

 from London. The population of the town iu 1S.M was 2427. The 

 living is a rectory in the archdeaconry and diocese of Chichester. 

 Petworth Poor-Law Union contains 5 parishes, with an area of 39,329 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 9629. 



The towu is clean and neat, and well lighted with gas. The church 

 is a cruciform structure, chiefly in the perpendicular style. Some 

 years back the building was repaired and altered, and a new spire 

 added. The Independents and Calvinistic Methodists have small 

 chapels. There are two Endowed schools, almshouses for 14 aged 

 persons, founded in 1624 ; fur 22 poor females, founded in 1746 ; and 

 Lr 4 poor men. A savings bank and a literary institute are in the 

 town. A county court is held here. The market-place and court- 

 house in the centre of the towu is a neat building, erected at the cost 

 of tlie late Earl of Egremont, the great benefactor of Petworth. The 

 market is on Saturday ; fairs are held on May 1st, September 4th, and 

 November 20th. 



The mansion of the Percys, who formerly possessed the manor, 

 abuts upon the churchyard. In 1309 Henry de Percy had a licence 

 and embattled hia house at Petworth ; the house was new-fronted by 

 the Duke of Somerset, and greatly altered by the late Earl of Egre- 

 mont. The galleries contain numerous portraits by Vandyke, and 

 many other fine works, with choice specimens of ancient and modern 

 sculpture, and the rooms are adorned with a singularly extensive and 

 valuable, series of carvings by Qrinling Gibbons. The park, 12 miles 

 in circumference, is remarkably picturesque and well wooded. 



PEVENSEY. [SUSSEX.] 



PEVERAGNO. [Com.] 



PEWSEY, Wiltshire, a village, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 iu the parish of Pewsey, is situated in 51 20' N. lat., 1 46' W. long., 

 di-tant 12 miles E. by S. from Devizes, and 80 miles W. by S. from 

 London. The population of the parish of Pewssy in 1851 was 1921. 

 The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry of Wilts and diocese of 

 Salisbury. Pewsey Poor-Law Union contains 23 parishes and town- 

 ships, with an area of 65,650 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 12,503. 



PEYREHORADE. [LANDES.] 



PEYRIAC-MINERVOIS. [AODE.] 



PEYRUIS. [ALPES, BASSES.] 



PEZENAS. [HERAULT.] 



PFORZHEIM, a towu in the Baden circle of Middle Rhine, is 

 situated iu 48 55' N. lat., 8 48' E. long., at the entrance of the Black 

 Forest, and on the navigable river Ens. near its junction with the 

 Nagold and Wurm. It is surrounded with a wall and moat, and con- 

 sists of the town and three suburbs. There are four churches and an 

 ancient palace, the church of which contains n handsome monument 

 to the late duke Charles Frederick. Among the public institutions 

 are a convent for noble ladies, an hospital, an infirmary, an orphan- 

 house, and an asylum for the deaf and dumb. The population of the 

 town and suburbs is above 6500. The manufacture of trinkets 

 employs above 1000 workmen. Watches, superfine cloth and kersey- 

 mere, leather, hardware, and iron-wire are manufactured. There arc 

 also iron- and copper-foundries, dye-works, and extensive bleach iug- 

 grounds. Pforzheim has a very great trade in timber from the neigh- 

 bouring forests of Hogenschiess, which is floated down the Neckar 

 and the Rhine to Holland. The trade in com, oil, wine, and cattle is 

 considerable. 



PHAROS. [ALEXANDBEIA.] 



PHARSALIA. [THKSSALY.] 



PHASIS, the principal river of ancient Colchis, now called Fat, and 

 sometimes Rioni, rises in the Caucasus nearly midway between the 

 Kazbek and Elbruz, and flows in a westerly direction into the Black 

 Sea. The- river is composed of three principal head-streams, the 

 Rioni proper (ancient Rion), or upper Phasis, the Quirilla, Kvirtla, or 

 Ziroula, which joins the Rioni on the left bank below Kuta'is, and 

 the Kiikhenis-Kali, probably the ancient Glaucus, which comes from 

 the southern slope of the Elbruz and joins the Rioni several miles 

 lower down on the right bank. The principal places on the Phasis 



