PHILIPPINES, NEW. 



PHRYGIA. 



1H 



who wa* kilted ou cue of the inlan.U In 1584 a mall 

 (quadrat under the order* of Lopes do Legaipi ww leut from Mexico 

 la form an ecUbluhment, which he effected in the following year 

 on the uland of Zebu, the inhabitant* of which lubmitted to the 

 SpanianU without any retiiUnea In 1571 Legupi foiiu.le 1 the town 

 of iUniU, and the Spaniard* remain.-.! in mi.l nturbed pouession of 

 UM> ITiilippioe* till 1703, when the Enfjluh took the town of Manila. In 

 he English restored Manila to the Spauuh government. In 

 he capUin general, in order to reprfji piracy, from which the 

 costing trade had greatly suffered, undertook an expedition against 

 the neighbouring Ulandi of Soolou, which was completely successful, 

 aii'l a Kttlemeot formed on tho principal island. 



I'l 1 1 LI Pi -V, more frequently called the Carolinrt, are a. 



number of ulauii* aituated in the Pacific, between 138 and l<:i 

 E. Ions., 5* and IS* N. lat In thu wide tract of ocean there are 

 ereral group* of amall ialandi inclosed by rcefa, and other* are 

 bolated. The Spaniards, who obtained aomo knowledge of them from 

 the native* who vuited their cettlement on the island of Ooahan 

 (Ladronc*), chum the sovereignly of the New Philippine* They hare 

 howcrrr nev<-r maile a settlement on any of them. 



The island*, which lie either within the basin* formed by the coral- 

 r*af, or contiguous to the reefs thenuelve* on their interior side, an- 

 all small, and produce hardly anything except cocoa-nuts and bread- 

 fruit. All the isolated islands are high, and some, rise to a great 

 tlrTatin;i. The cultivated fields contain plantains and arums ; from 

 the root of the latter the inhabitants make flour. They also cull.vati; 

 the sugarcane, and have several fruit-trees besides the COCOA and 

 bread-fruit. The inhabitants belong to the Malay race; they are 

 industrious agriculturists and fishermen, and they make excellent 

 mats, and canoes of a large size, with which they undertake voyages of 

 reveral hundred miles. 



PHILII'STOWX. [Kiso's COUNTY.] 



PHLEGIU2I CAMPI. [NAPLES, PROVIXCE.] 



O^EA. [IONIA.] 



PHOCIS was bounded S. by the Corinthian Gulf, W. by Doris and 

 the, Ijocri Ozola;, N. by the Locri Epicuemidii and Opuntii, and E. by 

 Ucootia. Strabo says (ix. p. 416) that Phocis was divided into two 

 parte by the range of Pamnssos, which extends in a south-easterly 

 direction through Phocis till it joins Mount Helicon on the borders of 

 BoBOtia. Pamaseos and the mountains which separate Phocis from 

 Locris form the upper valley of the river Cephissus, on tho banks of 

 nhich there is some fertile country, though in many parts the moun- 

 tains approach very near both banks of the river. The southern part 

 of Phocis is almost entirely covered with the mountains which branch 

 off to the south from the huge mass of Parnassos, though there are a 

 few fertile plains between these mountains, of which the largest is the 

 celebrated Crissxan plain. 



In the Persian invasion Xerxes ravaged the country at the insti- 

 gation of the Tbeasalians. The Phocians had no political importance 

 till after the battle of Leuctra ; but shortly after that event the cele- 

 brated Phocian or Sacred war broke out, in which all the great states 

 of Greece were more or less concerned. The real occasion of this war 

 was the animosity between Thebes and Phocis, which had long pre- 

 vailed under a show of peace. The Thebans used their influence in 

 the Amphictyonic council to induce the Arnphictyons to sentence the 

 Phociana to pay a heavy fine to the god for an alleged violation of the 

 aacred land in the Crisvican plain ; and, on their refusing to pay this 

 fine, the council passed a decree that if the lino were not paid the 

 Phocians should forfeit their territory to the gods, which decree was 

 in all probability intended to reduce the Phocians to the condition of 

 the Helots in Laconica, subject to the jurisdiction of the temple of 

 Delphi. In these alarming circumstances the Phocians were induced 

 by Philomelas, who appears to have held some high office in the 

 Phociau tat*, and was a man of great talent and energy, to make the 

 bold attempt at seizing the city and temple of Delphi. This attempt 

 wan tucccuful ; and the Phociana obtained in the treasures deposited 

 in the temple ample mean* for carrying on the war. This war lasted 

 for ten years. The Thebans, and almost all the northern states of 

 Greece, were opposed to the Phocians ; and though the Athenians and 

 Spartan* were willing, in consequence of their fear of the power of 

 Thebes to afford assistance to the Phocians, both were too weak at 

 the time to render effectual aid. The Amphictyons called in the assist- 

 ance of Philip of Macedon, who took possession of Delphi, and put an 

 end to the war B.C. 346.' The Phocian cities, with the exception of 

 Abe, were razed to the ground, and their inhabitants dispersed in 

 village* not containing more than 50 inhabitants. Their two votes in 

 the Ampbictyonic council were taken away and given to Philip. 

 (Paus , x. 3, sec. 1 ; Diod., xvi. 59 ; /Eschin., ' De Fals. Legat,' p. 45.) 

 Many of the town* however appear to have been rebuilt soon after- 

 ward*. 



Tho principal town* of Phocis were DELPHI and Elatca. Elatea 

 wa* situated on a tmall hill above the plain watered by the Oephitsug. 

 It was taken and burnt by the army of Xerxe* ; but w* soon rebuilt, 

 and became the most important town in Phoci*. It commanded the 

 chief road which led from the north of Greece to liccotia and Attica. 

 The ruins are at the modern Kli-phto. 



On the na-ooatt the first town we corao to after leaving the Locri 

 Ozolse ii Cirrha, sittuto-l at the head of tho C'riwasan Gulf (Bay of 



Salona) and at the mouth of tho PleUtua. Cirrha was the port of 

 Delphi. The next town to Cirrha on the coast was Anticyra, cele- 

 brated for it* preparation of hellebore, which grew iu the mountains 

 above the town. Next to Anticyra was Jledeon, destroyed with tho 

 other Phociau towns after the termination of th,- Sarr.-d 'war and 

 never restored ; and after it the small town uf ,'./,</.'i in, beyond which 

 was the Pharygian promontory with a station for ship... 



In the modern kingdom of Greece the ancient name of tho state 

 lias been restored in one of the nomes of Northern Greece, the nome 

 of 1'hncU and Phthiofis, which had a population in ls:>:j of 80,693. 

 , Kingdom of.] 



Coin or PhocU. British Muwmn. Actual 



PHCENI'CE (incorrectly called Phoenicia), even in its moat flourish- 

 ing state, was a very small country. It extended along the instern 

 coast of the Mediterranean, from the town of Aradus and the river 

 Eleutherus, on the north, to Mount Carmel, or Dora, on Hi.' smith. 

 (Ptolein., v. 15 ; Pliny, 'Hist. Nat.,' v. 13, 17 ; Joseph., 'Apion,' ii. 9.) 

 It was bounded E. by the mountains Libanus and Antilibanus, from 

 which numerous streams descended, which rendered the 1 

 ingly fertile. (Ammianus Murcell., xiv. 8.) This short line of coast 

 was covered with numerous towns, which were more or less celebrated 

 for their arts and manufactures. The most southerly town of import- 

 ance was Acco, called by the Greeks Acca, subsequently Ptol 

 and now St.-Jean-d'Acre, which the Israelites did not conquer, though it 

 was included in the division of the Holy Land made by Joshua, [ AC-HE.] 

 North of Acco was TYRE, the principal of the Phoenician citie> 

 north of Tyre, SIDON. Between Tyre and Sidon was Sarqita (Sar- 

 phand), which is mentioned in the history of Elijah (1 Kings, xvi. >>} 

 under the name of Zerephath. About 8J miles N. from Sidon w.n 

 Berytus, a very ancient town with a harbour. (Ptoleui., v. 15 ; Strabo, 

 xvi. 755 ; Joseph., 'Bell. Jud.,' vii. 3, sec. 1 ; Ammian. Marcell., xiv. 8; 

 Mela, i. 12.) The modern town of Bairuth, or Beirut, is still a place 

 of some importance. [BEIRUT.] Twenty-four miles N. from Berytus 

 waa Byblus, situated ou rising ground, not far from the sex It wa-t 

 celebrated for the worship of Adonis. [BYBLUS.] North of Byblus 

 was Botrus; and beyond it Tripolis, which originally consisted of 

 three distinct towns, founded respectively by Tyre, Sidon, and Aradus. 

 North of Tripolis was Orthosias (Plin., ' Hist. Nat,' v. 17 ; Strabo, 

 xvi. 753; 1 Mace., xv. 37), and, still farther north, Aradua, a colony 

 of Sidou, and the most important town in Phoenice after Tyre and 

 Sidon, situated in an island of the same name, which is calleJ Arvad 

 in the Old Testament. (Ez., xxvii. 8 ; Gen., x. 18.) This island was 

 at the mouth of the Eleutherus, and 20 stadia from the mainland. It 

 was only 7 stadia in circumference, but was crowded with houses. 

 (Strabo, xvi. 753; Plin., v. 17; Mela, ii. 7.) Opposite to it on the 

 mainland was the town of Antaradus. 



The Phoenicians were a branch of the great Semitic or Aramroan 

 family of nations, and originally dwelt either on the Red Sea or the 

 Persian Gulf. (Herod., i. 2; vii. 89; Strabo, i. 42.) It ia uncertain at 

 what time they emigrated to the coast of the Mediterranean ; but it must 

 have been at a very early period, since Sidon was a great city in the time 

 of Joshua. (Josh., six. 28.) The Phoenicians far surpassed all the other 

 nations of antiquity in commercial enterprise. Their greatness as a 

 commercial people was chiefly owing to their peculiar natural 

 advantages. Their situation at the extremity of the Mediterranean 

 enabled them to supply the western nations with the different com- 

 modities of the east, which were brought to Tyre by caravans from 

 Arabia and Babylon ; while their own country produced many of the 

 most valuable articles of commerce iu ancient times. Off the coast 

 the purple fish was caught which produced the most celebrated dye 

 known to the ancients; and the sand on the sea-shore was well adapted 

 for the manufacture of glass. (Strabo, xi. 758 ; Plin., xxxvi. 65.) 

 Mount Libanus supplied them with abundance of timber for ship- 

 building, and the useful metals were obtained in the iron- and copper- 

 mines near Sarepta. In the west they in all probability visit. 1 .! Britain ; 

 and on the north coast of Africa, in Spain, Sicily, and Malta, they 

 planted numerous colonies, which they supplied with the produce of 

 tho east. Their settlements in Sicily and Africa became powerful 

 states, and long opposed a formidable barrier to the Roman arms. By 

 their alliance with tho Jewish state in the time of Solomon, they wero 

 enabled to sail to Ophir in the south of Arabia, where they obtained 

 the produce of India. (2 Chron., viii. 17, 18 ; 1 Kings, ix. 27, 28.) 



P1IRYGIA, a country of Asia Minor. The boundaries of Phrygia 

 differed at various times. Before the establishment of the province 

 of Galatia by the Gauls, who iuvadod Asia Minor, Phrygia ext 

 as far as the river Halys. 



Phrygia is a high table-land, supported on the south by Mount 

 Taurus, and on the north by the high range of mountains which rum 

 from west to east under the ancient names of Ida and Tcmnon in 



