169 



PIACENZA. 



PIEDIMONTE. 



170 



Mysia, and Olympus in the neighbourhood of Brusa. The country in 

 the southern and eastern parts is covered with salt marshes, river.*, 

 and lakes, which have no visible outlet. Of these salt lakes, the most 

 curious is the one called Tatta by Strabo (Ti:z or Tuzla), which is 45 

 miles in length, and supplies a vast tract of country with salt. [Ax.v- 

 TOI.U, voL i. col. 328. J 



The Phrygians are said to have been a very ancient people. We 

 know scarcely Anything of the early history of Phrygia. There 

 appears to have been a kingdom of considerable power in the northern 

 part of Phrygia under the Mklian or Gordian dynasty. The Phrygians 

 were conquered by Croesus anil added to the Lydian empire, and were 

 subsequently subject to the Persians. On the division of Alexander's 

 dominions, Phrygia first came iuto the hands of Antigonus, aud after- 

 wards funned part of the dominions of the Seleucidse. After the 

 defeat of Autiochus the Great, Phrygia was given to Eumeues, king 

 of 1'ergamos, and on the death of Attalus, B.C. 133, it came by his 

 bequest into the hands of the Roman*, together with the other 

 dominions of the kings of Pergamog. [PEKUAMOS.] 



In Northern Phrygia, the first town of importance on the west was 

 Azani. near the source of tho Rhyndacus, which flows into the Lake 

 Apolloniati*. At thU place are now extensive ruins, which have 

 mnii-lied materials for the erection of the modern village of Tjandere 

 Hesur. South-east of Azani was Cotyieium, or Cotyaeum (Kutaya), 

 on the Thymbriuji, which is still a considerable place. Ancyra is 

 mentioned at the close of the article ANCYRA, 



In the south-eastern part of Phrygia was Synnada, a place of con- 

 siderable commerce and traffic, as it was situated on the road from 

 Apameia Cibotus to Galatia, and also in the way, or nearly to, from 

 Apatn-ia to Iconium and Cillcia. At a short distance to tho north of 

 'la was Docimio, which was celebrated for its marble quarries. 



The moat important citic* in Phrygia were situated in the south- 

 western part of the province. Of these cities Cekenaj was the most 

 ancient. Herodotus says (vii 56) that it is situated at the source of 

 the river Masmdcr, and also of the Catarrhactes, a stream not less than 

 the Mxander. Xerxes, after his defeat in Greece, is said to have 

 built here the citadel and a palace (Xen., ' Anab.,' i. 2, 9). The 

 younger Cyrus appears to hare frequently resided at Ceiaenic, where 

 he had a palace and a gr, at park full of wild beasts. Near CeUtuic 

 was Apameia Cibotus, which was founded by Antiochus Soter, who 

 removed to the new city the greater part of the inhabitants of Cehcnoo, 

 which became in consequence a place of small importance. Apainea 

 soon became a place of great wealth, and in the time of Strabo was 

 second only to Kphesus in Asia Minor in commercial importance. 

 South-west of Apamto, and a little to the south of the river Lycus, 

 was ColoMte, which is mentioned by Herodotus (vii. 30) and Xenophou 

 (' Anab.,' i. 2, 6) as a large and flourishing city. Strabo (xii. 570) 

 and Pliny (v. 29) however speak of itas only a small place. At Colossse, 

 there was formed a Christian church, chiefly, it appears, by the labour* 

 of Epaphras (Col., L 7 ; iv. 12, 13), to which St. Paul, who does not 

 appear to have ever Tinted Colosne himself (Col., ii. 1), wrote an 

 epistle. Colomte was destroyed by an earthquake, together with 

 >1U and Laodicea, in the 9th year of the reign of Nero (Oros.. 

 vii. 7i, but was built again, and became in the middle ages a place of 

 consider ible importance under the name of Chonie. Chouos is at 

 present a small village, situated under n very high hill ; the ruins of 

 the ancient city may be traced for nearly a mile. (Arundell, ' Visit to 

 the Seven Churches,' p. 94 I 



West of Colosse, and a little to the south of the Lycus, was Lao- 

 dicea, which was a large commercial town in the time of Cicero ('Ad 

 Fain.,' ii. 17 ; ill 5) and Strabo (xii., p. 576). There was a Christian 

 church at Laodicea in the time of tho Apostles. Strabo says that 

 Laodicea was celebrated for the sheep which fed in the plains around 

 it, and that their wool was considered superior to tbat of Miletus. 

 The ruins of Laodicea, which are considerable, are seen a little below 

 Deniili. 



Nearly opposite Laodicea, to the north of the Lycus, was Hierapolis, 

 which was celebrated for it* mineral springs. (Strabo, xiii. 629.) The 

 ;' Hierapolis, according to Chandler (' Travels in Asia Minor,' 

 p. 290), arj on the site called Pambouk-kalessi, and are about a mile 

 in length. There are remains of a very large theatre and of other 

 public buildings. 



PIACENZA (Ptaeentia), a town in the duchy of Parma, is situated 

 about half a mile from the southern bank of the Po, and 2 miles 

 emit of the confluence of the Trebbia with that river, in a fine plain 

 bounded on the south by well cultivated hills. The town is surrounded 

 with old walls and ditches, and has a citadel, which, according to a 

 stipulation of the Congress of Vienna of 1815, is garrisoned by 

 Austrian troops. The streets are wide and straight, but many of them 

 arc grass-grown ; on the whole the city has a deserted aspect and is 

 much too large for its present population, which is about 30,000. The 

 principal sqnare (Piazza de'Cavalli) in front of the ducal palace is 

 adorned with two equestrian bronze statues of dukes Kauuccio and 

 Issssndro Karnesr. Piacenxa abounds in fine buildings, the principal 

 of which are the ducal palace Palazzo Farnese, built by Margaret of 

 Austria from designs of Vignola ; the podesteria (Palazzo delComune), 

 or t/wri In. me, erected about 1281, in a style combining characteristics 

 of the gotbic and romaoesque; the cathedral, a handsome gothic 

 tho lith century, with fresco paintings by Guercino and 



Luigi Caracci ; San Sisto, a handsome church, richly adorned ; the 

 fine church of Saa-Agostiuo ; San-Francesco Grande, a noble building 

 in the romanesque-gothic style, erected by the Franciscans in 1278; 

 and the. church of Santa Maria di Campagna, erected by Bramante, in 

 the Roman-Doric style. All these churches are richly embellished 

 with frescoes, paintings, and statuary. The town library contains 

 30,000 volumes ; the new theatre, and the school of design and archi- 

 tecture, are also worthy of notice. Piacenza carries on a considerable 

 trade in agricultural produce. The establishments for public instruc- 

 tion consist of a lyceum, with faculties of arts, law, and medicine ; an 

 episcopal seminary, the college Alberoni for boarders, a school of the 

 fine arts, an institution for the education of young ladies, and several 

 elementary schools. The charitable institutions comprise a large 

 hospital, orphan asylums, &c. The industrial products are woollen- 

 cloth, serge, fustian, hosiery, and hats. 



Placeutia is first mentioned as being a Roman colony, in the ve.ir 

 224 B.C. In the second Punic war it was besieged unsuccessfully by 

 Hasdrubal ; it was however taken and destroyed by a baud of Ligu- 

 rians and Gauls, headed by Hamilcar, a Carthaginian officer, after the 

 defeat of Hasdrubal on the Metaurus. (Livy, xxxi. 10.) After the 

 defeat of Uamilcar the colony of Placentia was restored. In modern 

 history Piacenza is mentioned as one of the independent Lombard 

 cities. It afterwards had its lords or tyrants of the families of Palla- 

 vicino, Scotti, and Landi. It next fell under the dominion of the 

 Visconti of Milan. After the death of Filippo Maria Visconti, 1447, 

 the citizens of Piacenza revolted against the Milanese, and placed 

 themselves under the protection of Venice. But Francesco Sforza, 

 being appointed commander of the Milanese, retook Piacenza, iu 

 December, 1447, when the town wag given up to pillage. From that 

 time Piacenza never recovered its former prosperity ; it remained 

 subject to the Sforza of Milan, was taken by the French under 

 Louis XII., and retaken from tha French by Pope Julius II., after 

 which it remained subject to tha popes, together with Parma, until 

 1545, when Pope Paul III. gave it to his son Pier Luigi Faruese. From 

 that time it has formed part of the duchy of Parma. 



PIANELLO. [ABHUZZO.] 



P/AUHY. [BRAZIL.] 



PIAZZA. [SICILY.] 



PICARDIE, LA, a maritime province of France, constituting one 

 of the military governments into which, before the Revolution, thnt 

 kingdom was divided. It was bounded N.E. by Artois and French . 

 Flanders, E. by Champagne, S. by the Ile-de-France, S.Vf. by Nor- 

 maudie, and W. and N.W. by the English Channel. Ita form was 

 very irregular. The part south of the river Authin had its chief 

 extension from west to east, about 145 miles from -the mouth of tho 

 little river Hrenle (which divided Picardie from Normandie) to the 

 neighbourhood of Rocroy in Champagne; but the breadth of this 

 portion from north to south was in no part greater than 60 miles, and 

 generally was much less. A narrow strip of the province projected 

 along the coast, about 50 miles northward from the Autbie to Grave- 

 lines, but not having in any part a much greater extension inland 

 from west to eait than 20 mile-*. 



Picardie was divided into Upper and Lower Picardie. Upper 

 Picardie comprehended the districts of Amiouais, chief town Amiens ; 

 Santerre, chief town Pdronne; Vermandois, chief town St.-Quentin; 

 and Thie'rache, chief town Guise. Lower Picardie comprehended the 

 three districts of Calais!*, Boulonnais, and the county of Ponthicu, of 

 which the capitals were respectively Calais, Boulogne, and Abbeville. 

 The present department of SOMME, the arrondissements of St.-Qucntin 

 and Vervins in the department of AISNE, and the arrondissements of 

 Boulogne and Moutreuil in the department of PAS-DE CALAIS, make 

 up the province of Picardie. Its capital was AMIENS. 



PICENUM. [AscoLi.] 



PICKERING, North Riding of Yorkshire, a market-town, and tho 

 seat of a Poor-Law Union in the parish of Pickering, is situated in 

 54 15' N. lat, 45' W. long., distant 26 miles N.N.E. from York, 

 226 miles N. by \V. from London, and 243 miles by the Great Northern 

 and North Midland railways. The population of tho town in 1851 

 was 2511. The living is a vicarage with the perpetual curacy of 

 Newton annexed, in the archdeaconry of Cleveland and diocese of 

 York. Pickering Poor-Law Union contains 25 parishes aud townships, 

 with an area of 88,062 acres, and a population in 1851 of 0972. 

 Pickerin; is a long and irregulirly-built town ; it is lighted with gas. 

 The town contains an ancient and spacious church, with a lofty spire ; 

 places of worship for Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Independ- 

 ents, and Quakers ; an Endowed Grammar school for 20 boys ; a 

 Free school for 20 boys; and a savings bank. The market is on 

 Monday, and there are fairs held monthly, of which eight iu the year 

 are cattle fair*. Broom-making is extensively carried on, the adjoining 

 moors supplying the material. The town formerly sent members to 

 parliament. A county court ia ln-M in Pickering. On Pickering- 

 moor are vestiges of two Roman encampments. 



PICO. [AZORES.] 



PICTON. [CANADA.] 



PICTOU. [ NOVA-SCOTIA.] 



PIDDLKTOWS. [DORSETSHIRE.] 



PTDDLKTRENTHIDK. [DORSETSHIRE.] 



PIEDIMONTE. [LAVOUO, TERRA ui.j 



