riUSCIPATO CITRJL 



PROVIDENCE, OLD. 



ib* < Portu* Alburnus, near which UM Argonaut* erected a 



ft BUM tMpU Juno. Tim plain of PMtam southward from the 

 8a*, U ii.ar.by and unhealthy ; it w overrun with buffaloes, wild 

 bars**, piga, ud ab*ep. In this plain Cnuiiu <UfraU>J UM rebel army 

 of 8pmrt*cua, and in th* 15th century th* Dukr of Aujou defeated the 

 Annum**. Between th* Odor* and UM Solo U the royal abas* and 

 for*** of Penaoo, S3 mile, la cfarumfereoc*. and busked by UM rung* 

 of th* Monte Alburno. The plain north of UM S*l* to th* Tusoiano 

 u al*o unbrmlthy. Abov* this plain, to th* artward, U th* pretty 

 town of f Mi (DMT UM ruin* of UM aucUnt &*-). with 5000 

 UhabitanU. 



The valkrr of UM Tanagro u bounded on th* wot by a detached 

 rid called Monte Alburno. which run* about 80 mile* from north- 

 west to southeast Wr.l of the Album.- i* th valley of UM Pietra 

 or Calor*, which *uUrs th* Sele a few mil** abov* iu mouth. The 

 valUv of UM Calor- i* bounded to the *outh-w**t by another ridg*, 

 which riM* eaM of IWuin. and on which aland* the town of Capoocio, 

 with 2000 inhabitant*. (PJBTOM.] South of thi* ridge U a fine 

 region of hill* and valley* aloping toward* Uie coast, and extending 

 to th* couth a* far a* th* Gulf of PoJicastro. Tbi tract of country, 

 which wa* known to UM ancienU by th* name of ' PtMtenn Vail**,' 

 i* now called ' II Cilento ; ' the imall river Alento flow* through 

 it The region of the Cilento U fsvourabla to the growth of all tort* 

 of fruit, and it contain* good paature : the inhabitant* are noted for 

 their induatry. They har* numerous coaiting vnsels, in which they 

 trade with Salerno and Naples. A good road lead* from Salerno 

 to // Yallo, which U the principal town of th* dutriot : population 

 7500. Tli* town of Pulitaiiro wa* formerly of aome importanoe, but 

 bring tacked and half destroyed by the Turk* in the 16th oeotury, 

 it ha* u-vrr recovered, and in now an insignificant place of only about 

 700 inhabitant*. Sapri, which ii farther east in the innermost noes* 

 of the Oulf of Policastro, U a place of aome trade, and has a natural 

 harbour. It i* said to mark the Scidros of Herodotus. About two 

 miln abor* the mouth of the Alento on a lofty hill (Caatellamare 

 dclla Bruca) U the supposed site of the ancient Velia or KUa, founded 

 by the Phocaans, B.C. 540, and famous for the Eleatio school of 

 philosophy established here by Zeno. Farthw down the coast is the 

 Punt* di Palinuro, a promontory named from Palinurus, the pilot of 

 the Trojan fleet The little rivers Molpa and Mingardo enter the aea 

 on the eaitern ride of the promontory. The Alento is the ancient 

 Hele*. The hill of Monte della Stella, which stands between the 

 Al- nto and II Vallo, U covered with ruins supposed to mark the site 

 of Petilia, the ancient capital of Lucauia. 



Th* *outhern coast of the peninsula of Sorrento, as far at Cape 

 Campanella, belongs also to the province of Priucipalo Citra. The 

 Oulf of Salerno extends nearly in a semicircle from Cape Campanella to 

 Point Lieoaa, a promontory opposite the island of Licosa, the ancient 

 Leucosis. The town* of Vietri (3000 inhabitants), La-Scala, AMALFI, 

 and SALER.VG, the capital, are in this district, which is remarkably 

 populous and healthy. The inhabitants are mostly engaged in the 

 coasting trade and the fitheries, 



A long onset of the central Apennines, called Monte San Angelo, 

 runs in a westward direction, dividing the province from Prinoipato 

 Ultn, and then running along the whole length of the peninsula of 

 Sorrento. This ridge forms a natural boundary between the plain of 

 Campania and the basin of the Sele. The province however includes 

 also a district north of this ridue, extending to the banks of the Serno. 



Among other towns of the province, besides those already mentioned, 

 are the following: La-Cava, a town of 5000 inhabitants, and a 

 bishop's see, delightfully situated in a valley of the Apennines, on the 

 high road from Naples to Salerno. The population is chiefly employed 

 in manufacturing lin.n, silk and cotton stuff*, and pottery. The 

 neighbouring Benedictine monastery of La-TriniU, founded in 1025, 

 is famous for iU vast collection of historical, judicial, and religious 

 manuscript*, amounting to about 40,000 parchment rolls, and above 

 60,000 paper manuscript*. Th* library is still more famous for its 

 ran manuscripts and early printed books ; among the former is the 

 manuscript Latin VulgaU, written on vellum, between the 6th and 

 the 7th century. The abbey church contains tombs of Sibilla (queen 

 of Bogar I L, king of Naples and Sicily), and of several antjpopeg. 

 A In* grotto beneath the abbey has originated the name of the town. 

 The railway along the coast from Naples penetrates into the province 

 as far a* NOTEIU, a short distance north west of La-Cava. Near 

 Nocera is Pagami, a villng* situated on a hiU of tufa; it* church of 

 San Michel* is of com* not*, a* containing th* remains of St. Alfonso 

 de Liguori. The district between La-Cava and Nocera is studded 

 with haml.U, church**, villas, and ruined uastles, embosomed among 

 tree* or surrounded by vineyards and cornfields. Th* gnat Calabrian 

 road after passing through Salerno and Eboli. runt cast to th* lower 

 part of the Negro, near Aulotta, whence it run* up UM whole length 

 of the Val di U,ano, along UM right bank of th* Negro. Thi. beau- 

 tiful and fertile valley, 20 mile* long and 8 miles broad, is situated 

 between UM main ridg* of UM Apennines and the Monto-Alburno, 

 which is scored br deep ravine* and cloth. d with ei tensive forest* of 

 oak sad beech. In the Val di Diano are Lt-PulU (population 7000), 

 situaud on a hill, at UM bax of which UM Negro disappear, and 

 run* underground for two mile*, ctaerfrinf again at Pwtota; LtrSaU, 

 a thriving town of SiiW inhabitants j ZHone (population 7000), which 



is th* Luoaniaa Ttgianum, and give* name to the valley ; and PadiUa 

 (population 9000), near which are the remains of the monastery of 

 San Lorrnso, ruined by the French. Sana, a oonaiderabl* town in 

 the plain of Campania, near th* river of th* sam* name, 5 miles N. 

 from Nooara, has several convents and churches, and about 10,000 

 inhabitants. Between the Sarno and the Monte San Angelo, Names 

 defeated th* Ootht under Teias, *.D. 533. 



- ll'ATO ULTRA, a province in th* kingdom of th* Two 

 Sicilies, is bounded N. by the provinces of Saunio and Capitanata, 

 from which it is divided by the central ridg* of the Apennines; E. by 

 Capitauata ; a by BaailioaU and Principato Citra ; and W. by Terra 

 di Lavoro. The provino* of Principato Ultra lias almost entirely in 

 the Apenninm, and between the western lower ridge of those moun- 

 tains, including Monte Taburno, Tifata, and Mont, forte, which 

 divide* the basin of the river Calore, an affluent of the Volturuo, 

 from the plaint of Campania, and the central ridge, which forms the 

 watershed between the streams that flow into the Mediterranean and 

 into the Adriatic. The Calor* and its affluent* the Tamaro and 

 Sabbato are the principal rivers of the province. A small part of 

 Principato Ultra however extends along th* eastern slope of the 

 central ri'lge, where the river Ofanto (Aufidus) has its source in the 

 neighbourhood of Cousa and Nusoa. The area of th* province is 

 1407 square miles. The population in 1851 amounted to 383,414. 

 The province is divided into 3 districts and 132 commune*. 



Th temperature is considerably lower than that of Campania; in 

 some of the valleys however the summer heats are occasionally very 

 great. Some places in the valley of the Calore are subject to the 

 malaria in consequence of stagnant waters. The country produce! 

 corn, fruit* in abundance, silk, some wine, and has excellent pasturage 

 for cattle. There are iron-foundries and paper-mills at Atripaldi, on 

 the Sabbato, near Avellino. Some woollen manufactures are carried on 

 in the principal towns. There are beds of lignite near Montefusco. 

 Benevento and it* territory, although geographically included within 

 the boundaries of Principato Ultra, is a dependency of the Holy See. 

 [BurcvKNTO.] The principal towns of the province are AVELUSO ; 

 ABIANO ; Montesarohio, a walled town with 6000 inhabitants ; Monte- 

 fusco, an episcopal town, with a population of 3000; and Sant' Augelo 

 dei Lombard!, population about 6000. 



The province of Prinoipato Ultra occupies the country of the 

 ancient Hirpini, one of the nations of the Samnite confederation. 

 The celebrated past called Furculo) Caudinre, where the Samuites 

 compelled the Roman army to past under the yoke ; and the hikes of 

 Amsanctus, still called Amsanto and Le-Mofete, and still emitting 

 destructive gases as in the days of Virgil, are iu this province. The 

 lakes ara about four miles from the village of Frigento. 



PRITTLKWELL. [Es&K.] 



PH1VAS. [ARDECBB.] 



PRO'CIDA, the ancient J'rochyta, is an inland at the north-west 

 entrance of the Bay of Naples, situated between the island of Ischia 

 and Cape Misenum. It is about eight mile* in circumference, generally 

 level, with some gently-rising grounds, and is fertile and well culti- 

 vated. The vineyards produce good common wine. The population 

 exceeds 10.000; many of them are engaged in the tunny and coral 

 fisheries. The inland contain* several villages, a small fort, and a royal 

 country-teat. 



PBOME. [BiBMA.] 



PROPONTIS. [MARMABA, SEA OF.] 



PKOSNITZ. [MOKAVIA.] 



PROVENCE, an old province of France, including a portion of the 

 territory of the Roman Provincia, from which the name is derived, 

 was bounded E. by Italy, N. by Dauphiud, N.W. by the Cotutat- 

 VeuaUsin and the Comtat-d' Avignon, W. by Lamcuedoc, and S. by the 

 Mediterranean. It now forms the departments of BoDCHs-oc-Ru6iil, 

 VAB, Basses-Alpe* [ALPEB-BASSZS], and part of VAOCLUBE. It was 

 divided into Upper and Lower Provence, which had Digne and Aix 

 for their respective capitals. In Roman time* the country was 

 inhabited by various tribes, and formed put of Galliu Narbonensis. 

 About A.D. 416 the Romans were dispossessed by the Visigoths and 

 Burguudians, but recovered a portion along the coast from the former 

 in 450. The next invaders were the Franks, who in 534, under the 

 sons of Clovis, by conquest or cession became masters of the whole 

 territory, which was included also in the empire of Charlemagne. 

 Under Charlemagne's descendant* Provence formed part of the king- 

 dom of Aries ; it then passed to hereditary count* descended from the 

 counts of Barcelona. Raimoud Berenger V., the last count of Pro- 

 vence, left four daughters, with the youngest of whom, Beatrix, in 

 1245, the county of Provence pasted to Charles of France, count of 

 Aujou. The Anjevine family held it till 1481, when Charles, count of 

 Aujou, and king of Sicily, made it over to Louis XL and his successors; 

 and in 1487 it was re-united to the crown by Charles VIII. A sketch 

 of the Provencal language i*- given in the article FRANCE, vol. ii., 

 coL 1086. 



PROVIDENCE. [RHODE ISLAND.] 



I'HOVIDKNCE, NEW. [BAHAHU.] 



PROVIDENCE, OLD, is an Island in the Caribbean S*a, about 

 125 rnilrs from the Mosquito Coast, and between 13 19' and 13 82' 

 N. lat, 81 80' and 81 23' W. lung. This island is nearly 4J miles 

 lung, and 21 miles in its greatest breadth. Th* centre of the island 



