a si 



1UIECUUM. 



HHEIN PROVINZ. 



232 



taking of Ithome, and the end of the first Messenian war, a fresh 

 colony of Messenians, led by Alcidamas, settled at Rhegiuin about 

 B.C 723, and after tie capture of Eira, a third party of Messeuian 

 emigrants, led by two sons of Ariatoiaeues, joined their countrymen 

 at Rhegium, which became a very populous and flourishing city, and 

 extended its dominion over the neighbouring towns and districts. 

 The government appears to have been a kind of open aristocracy, which, 

 according to some accounts, was vested in one thousand of the citizens. 



About B.C. 494, AnaxiUus, a citizen of Rhegium, of a Messenian 

 family, usurped the supreme power. He took the town of Zancle on 

 the opposite side of the strait, and colonised it with his Messenian 

 countrymen, who gave it the name of Messana. Anaxilaus married 

 a daughter of Therillus, tyrant of Himera, who, being afterwards 

 defeated by Theron of Agrigentuin, took refuge at Carthage. Anaxilaus 

 and Therillua invited the Carthaginians to the first invasion of Sicily 

 (B.C. 480), which was defeated by Gelon of Syracuse. Anaxilaus died 

 shortly after, and his eons were subsequently driven away from both 

 Messana and Rhegium. Rhegium joined the Athenians in their first 

 expedition against Syracuse, but in the second Athenian expedition 

 against Syracuse it remained neutral. Afterwards a long struggle 

 began between Rhegium and Dionysius the elder, tyrant of Syracuse, 

 which terminated with the ruin of Rhegium. Dionysius besieged the 

 city K.C. 368 with a large force. The Ruegians made a brave resistance, 

 but they were compelled to surrender through famine (B.C. 3ST). 

 Many of the inhabitants were found dead ; fifteen thousand of the 

 remainder were sent to Syracuse as slaves ; some of the wealthiest 

 ransomed themselve*. Python, their commander, was pat to a cruel 

 death with all his family by Dionysins, who razed the walls of 

 Rhegium, and obliged the neighbouring towns of **" Grsecia to pay 

 allegiance to him. Under his successor, Dionysius the Younger, 

 Rhegium recovered its independence, and gradually some part of its 

 former prosperity. 



While Pyrrhus was waging war in South Italy and Sicily, Rhegiuin 

 applied to Rome for assistance. The Romans sent a body of 4000 

 men, rained in the Latin colonies in Campania. These auxiliaries, 

 tiuiiiug themselves far from Rome, rose against the inhabitants, killed 

 moat of the men, took possession of their house* and property, and 

 appropriated their wives and daughters to themselves. After the final 

 retirement of Pyrrhus from Italy, the Romans severely punished the 

 ', and the surviving citizens were restored to their house* and 

 property, and to their municipal independence under the protection 

 of Home. The AquiUan road terminated at Rhegium. The town has 

 often suffered from earthquakes. It retained the Greek language, 

 manner*, and customs to a late period of the empire. 



After the fall of the Western empire, Rhegium remained subject to 

 the Eastern emperors, and its archbishop was metropolitan of Bruttii. 

 In A n. 50V it was taken by Totila ; in 918 by the Saracens; in 1005 by 

 the I'uans ; and in 1160 by Robert li.uiscanj, since which time it has 

 always been a part of th<t kingdom of the Two Sicilies. 



In the 16th century Reggio was sacked three times by the Turks, 

 in I.'.IS by Barbarowa, again in 1558, and lastly in 1593. The great 

 earthquake of Calabria, in 1783, completely ruined the town of Reggio ; 

 not a single building remained entire. Reggio has been since rebuilt 

 on a regular plan ; it spreads along the declivity of a hill down to the 

 tea. A wide street, called La Marina, runs along the sea-shore, and 

 another street, parallel to it, runs through the centra of the town, and 

 is intersected at right angle* by various street*. The view of the 

 opposite coast of Messina and its verdant hills, backed by the huge 

 ma** of .-Etna, is truly magnificent. The Apennines near Reggio are 

 rugged and bare, but the plain around it a extremely fertile, and 

 the ground is very valuable, most of it being laid out in orange and 

 lemon plantations. Reggio is a great nursery of orange and lemon 

 plants for all part* of the kingdom. The date-palm flourishes and 

 produce* fruit. The climate is temperate, and the atmosphere remark- 

 ably pure. 



Coin of Rhtfiam. British Mainun. Actual ilxe. Silver. 



Reggio is the capital of the province of Calabria Ultra (II.) [CALA- 

 BRIA. J It is fortified, well supplied with water, and situated in one 

 of the most delightful spot* in Europe. The population amounts to 

 about 10,000. The most note-worthy buildings are the cathedral, 

 several convent*, the college, the hospital, the foundling asylum, and 

 the theatre. The manufactures comprise silks, gloves, hosiery, cedrat 

 and other essential oils. Articles, such a* gloves, stockings, &c., are 

 manufactured from the silky byssus of the Pinna marina. The 

 export trade in wine, oil, citron, olives, and dried fruits is considerable. 

 An annual fair is held in the town from the lat to the 15th of Sept. 



The ancient port of Reggio no longer exists. The small craft of 

 modern Reggio anchor a little to the north of the town. 



RHEIMS. [REIMS.] 



SHEIN PROVINZ ('Province of the Rhine'), the moat western 

 province of Prussia, lies betweeu 49 10' and 51 55' N. lat.,. 5 55' 

 and 8 E. long. It is situated on both sides of the Rhine, and com- 

 prises the grand-duchy of the Lower Rhiue, aud the duchies of Juliers, 

 Cleves, and Berg. It contains the five governments of Cologne, Diis- 

 seldorf, Coblenz, Treves, and Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle). Except the 

 circle of Wetzlar, which is encompassed by Nassau, Hesse-Darmstadt, 

 and Hesse-CasseL, it is bounded N. by Westphalia, E. by Nassau and 

 Hesse-Darmstadt, S. by France, Bavaria, Saxe-Coburg, Hesse-Hom- 

 burg, and W. by Luxemburg, Belgium, and the Netherlands. The 

 area and the population of the five governments of the province iu 

 1847 were as follows : 



In the return for 1852 the area aud population of the province, with 

 the addition of Hoheu-Zollern, are given at 10,759 square miles, aud 

 2,972,130 souls, of whom 2,247,396 were Catholics; 691,777 Pro- 

 testant*; 31,656 Jews; 1290 Mennonites; and 11 Greeks. 



The northern part of the proviuco U generally level, the eastern 

 and southern ports mountainous and hilly. The Hundsruckeu, which 

 extends between the Moselle, the Rhine, aud the Nahe, forms the west 

 side of the valley of the Rhine aud the east side of the valley of the 

 Moselle, and is connected on the south with tho Vosges. Its highest 

 point within the province is in the Soonwald, which is 2015 feet above 

 the level of the sea. The En EL, which is a wild and partly very 

 sterile region, is a continuation of the Ardennes, and extends between 

 Luxemburg, the Moselle, and the Rhine. In the eastern part there 

 are numerous extinct volcanoes. The Weatertvald is a ruilo chain, 

 which likewise shows many traces of volcanic action. The moat 

 interesting part of it is that called the Siebengebirge near Bonn ; 

 some part* of thii chain are from 1200 to 1400 feet above the level 

 of tho sea. 



The principal rivers are the Rhine, the Moselle, aud tho Lippe, which 

 nre navigable ; the many smaller streams, most of which fall into the 

 Rhine, are either not navigable or navigated by very small vessels. The 

 climato is temperate ; the air on the right bank of the Rhine is pure 

 and healthy ; on the left side damp fog* are more frequent, especially 

 in the north-west part, where there are many marshes ; on the moun- 

 tains it is cold. The natural productions of this province are equally 

 numerous and valuable. The higher parts of the mountains are 

 crowned with noble forest*, and the declivities are covered with vine- 

 yards. The minerals are silver, iron, copper, lead, calamine, marble, 

 lte, freestone, millstones, basalt, porphyry, alum, manganese, sulphur, 

 coals, and salt. Where the country slopes to the Rhine there are 

 productive corn-fields and rich pastures; between the mountains there 

 are 1 fertile valleys, where flax, hemp, hops, and tobacco are grown, aud 

 fruit aud garden produce of every kind are cultivated in great abund- 

 ance. Game is plentiful, and all the domestic animal* are bred in 

 sufficient number. 



But the great source of the prosperity of the province is the Rhiue, 

 which, from its junction with the Nahe to the village of Hochheim 

 on its right bank, forms the natural boundary betweeu the duchy of 

 Nassau and the government of Coblenz ; it then traverses the govern- 

 ments of Cologne and Dusseldorf, and leaves the Prussian territory at 

 Scbenkenschanz, opposite the Dutch village of Lobith, having passed 

 through this province as one undivided stream for 180 miles. On the 

 banks are many vestiges of Roman works and ruins of castles of the 

 middle age*. The small rivers and streams are applied to turn mills 

 and to work manufacturing machinery of every kind ; for this, says Has- 

 sell, is the most industrial province not only of the Prussian Monarchy 

 but of all Germany. The duchy of Berg has been termed an England 

 in miniature, and the comparison is more appropriate now than when 

 it was first made. Cotton-factories with steam-machinery have been 

 established in the most important towns of the province. Steam-boats 

 ply on the Rhine and its navigable feeders, and railroads connect its 

 chief towns with each other and with the great industrial and trading 

 centres of Belgium, North Germany, and France. [PRUSSIA.] The 

 manufactures comprise woollen, silk, and cotton textures of all descrip- 

 tions ; htetun engines and steam-machinery ; plain and damask linen ; 

 yarn of all descriptions; lace, buttons, ribands, chemical products, 

 sugar, tobacco, musical instruments, hardware, agricultural and 

 mechanical tools, needle*, pin*, &c. Under the heads Aix LA-CHA- 

 PELLE, COBLENZ, COLOGNE, DL'SSELDORK, TREVES, BERO, CLEVES, 

 J CLICK, BARMEN, DUREN, EIFEL, ELBERFELO, EUPEN, CREFELD, Aic. 

 the surface of the country, its chief towns, and industrial products are 

 noticed. 



