IB a , 



TV people of Ptnvi dense Plantation* and Rhode bland, excluded 

 free* UM Colonial Vnwn. had no ohann* of maintaining a separate 

 eahtetMe without the powerful protaision of UM mother country ; 

 and hi IMS Refer William, wnt choeen to conduct n miaaion to 

 nthvaa tec UM parpose of obtaininf a charter. The aff*ir of the 

 Isaerwae solrmitr were at thu time under the control of the Earl of 

 Warwick * gov.mocin ehtef. aseirted by a council of five peer* and 

 twelve iiiiiiimnnirT Sir Henry Vane wa* one of thea* commoners ; 

 and atMy through his influence charter was granted, dated 

 March 14,164 4. by which UM two oolonie* were incorporated under 

 the tills) of ffftirfr /rfirti* nnt Pittidma Plantation*. A new charter 

 WM granted by the Irirtiri of fharle. II. in IMS, which continued 

 to be the i*iillliin of Rhode bland till 1844. 



The colony of Rhode laland took part with the other colonie* of 

 Mortk ABMrioa in UM resistanos to the attempt* of the English govern- 

 Mt to impose the Stamp Act of 17. and the subsequent measure* 

 which led to the deelara>ion of independence. But to the federal 

 conethation she oflhred a strenuous resistuce : Rhode Island wa* in 

 Mt UM Us* of the original colonies to give in her adherence to that 

 iiiinn . having delayed her aign.Uire to it till Hay 1790. 



The only lubeequent event in the general history of the state wa* 

 the eflort Bind* by a section of the citixms in 1840 to subvert by force 

 the uiailllellm of IMS. in order to adopt one of a more democratic 

 term. la 1M1 the suffrage party, a* it called itself, rose in arm* 



N. Dorr, whom they had elected u governor and 

 m __ A regular 'suffrage goTernment* wai organised at Providence, 

 wkll* th* constitutional o legal government wu carried on at New- 

 port. A cognation called by the general assembly framed a new 

 constitution, which wat accepted by a majority of the people ; but in 

 i of the disturbed state of the country it could not be 

 In 1843 Dorr failed in an attempt to seize the state 

 . and smbaeqaently hi* foroM were defeated at Chepachet and 

 ' captured. The general assembly now appointed another 

 ion lor the framing of a constitution which should be accept- 

 able to *U parties, and after some little delay the suffrage party gave 

 im their aquiseomo*. A new constitution was accordingly drawn up 

 and adopted, and peace was restored. Dorr remained in prison for 

 acne Tear*, but was eventually released. 



(Bancroft, Jiuiory of tkt I'miitd State*; Statitlical Gazetteer of the 

 f.tffll Sutu. LipptDcoU, A'nc and Complete Gazetteer ; Seventh Cennu 

 e/ ilu Vrnitt* State* ; Marcou, Geological Map of the United Stata ; 

 Amtnetm Almmae, 166S.) 



RHODES, an island off the coast of Caria in Asia Minor, opposite 

 to Cape Volp*, between the gulfs of Syme and Maori. The harbour 

 of UM city of Rhodes is in 36* 26' K. lat, 28 12' . long. 



Rhodes was inhabited in Tery early times, and had acquired 

 nrHMJdirsMi eminence levtral centuries before the Christian era. 

 Previous to the first Olympiad B.C. 776, the Rhodians had already 

 smlfsetsd a dispoaitiou for maritime and commercial enterprise, 

 which subsequently more fully developed itself. They founded the 

 OSIMS of Rhode 1 in Iberia, Gala in Sicily [OELA], Parthenope among 

 the Oect in Italy ; and nearer home, Corydalla and Phaselu in Lycia, 

 and Soli in Cilici*. About &C. 660, the ancient kingly form of govern- 

 ment which prevailed in the island, as in other Dorian states, was 

 abollnhed, and magistrates, called Prytanea, probably substituted. In 

 a.c, 409, the city of Rhodes was founded, by collecting into one spot 



i this time 

 island. In 

 Athens, 



which Mate it soon after formed a league with Cos, Chios, and 

 iom. It submitted, like the rest of Greece, to Alexander ; but 

 harm* taken a very decided stand, and courageously struggled through 

 the conflict* which took place after Alexander's death, Rhodes became 

 UM mistress of the Mediterranean. 



TSM ^celebrated Colossus of Rhodes was made about B.O. 300. It 

 was bsfnn by Chares, a pupil of Lysippus, and completed by Laches, 

 It was formed of bra* ; the height is said to have been 70 cubits 

 UM thumb w so large that few men could span it ; 12 years were 

 etBDloTcd in making it. The notion that iU legs rested one on each 

 side of the hsrbour at Rhodes does not seem to be supported by any 

 good authority, and modern travellers do not agree u to its site. After 

 H hid stood lor 66 yean, it was thrown down by an earthquake bv 



Such wl, the 



B.C. V9, ue cuy o< naoaes was lounoea, oy collecting into one 

 UM inhabitant* of Londus, Mysus, and Camirus ; and from this 

 UM history of the city is identical with the history of the island 

 m.c 3(7 Rhode* reverted for a short time to the dominion of At 



H hid stood lor 66 yean, it was thrown down by an 

 which UM buildings of the city suffered very much. 



. 



eoouMrctel importance of Rhodes, that on this occasion the great 

 prims of the day vied with each other in the munificence of their 

 pi sate to repair its losses, and came forward with ready zeal to serve 

 a city whoa* fletta protected the seas against pirates and extendec 

 BTCBrtile ootnmunicaUoo. The Rbodlans (B.C. 219), assisted by 

 PrueiiB, king of Bithynla, compelled the Byzantine* to remit the dut 

 which they had been in the habit of exacting from corn ships tha 

 passed through the Bosporus, and shortly afterward* they protected 

 sfcetM again.! Mithridates IV., king of Pootus. 



Rhodes joined Atulu.. king of Prrgamus. in his war ami 

 Philip 111.. k,n of MaowtaTfhe RomSTrntered into an X. 

 with the two powers against Philip. After the defeat of Philip a 

 CyMorphebB, c. 197, the Rbodlans joined Rome in a war with 

 AnUochiu. in which their navy was of great service. In gratitude to 

 their new allies, the Romans gave them portions of Caria and Ljcia. 



RHODES. 286 



From this time the prosperity of the city began to decline. Her 

 recently-acquired continental possessions resisted her sway, and in 

 their struggles appealing from time to time to the Roman senate, gave 

 hat body an opportunity of practising their usual policy of inter- 

 erenoe. In the Mithridatic war the Rhodians gave important aid to 

 ha Roman* by sea, and ware in consequence attacked by the king of 

 ontus with a great armament, which they defeated. In requital for 

 heir fidelity, Sulla at the close of the war confirmed their liberty. 

 Vespasian incorporated this island in a Provincia Insularum, of which 

 t wa* probably the seat of government. Here the ancient history of 

 Rhode* ceases. 



The code of laws enacted by the Rhodians in regard to their navy, 

 and adopted afterwards by other maritime states (Dig., 14, tit. 2, ' De 

 jege Rhodia '), the powers vested in the several branches of their 

 executive administration, their sumptuary statutes, and regulations to 

 irotect their poor, all claim especial attention from the student of 

 indent history. In their most flourishing age, their city, like Alexan- 

 dria at the same period, was the place of resort of learned men from 

 all countries, and a very similar style of literature sprung up in both 

 >laces. The spirit of research and critical inquiry was awakened, and 

 freat progress wa* made iu mathematics and other sciences. 



Beside* the celebrated Colossus. 3000 other statues odorm d the city, 

 and of these 100, according to Pliny, were on such a scale that the 

 irescnce of any one of them would have been sufficient to ennoblo 

 iny other spot. The architecture of Rhodes was of a stately and 

 mposing character ; the ground on which it stood sloped gradually to 

 .he sea, like the interior of an ancient theatre. The plan designed by 

 ,he same architect who built the Piraeus at Athens, was perfectly 

 symmetrical, as much, Aristides remarks in his 'Jluodian Oration,' as 

 f it had been one house. The streets were wide and of unbroken 

 ength, and the fortifications, strengthened at intervals with lofty 

 *>wers, did not appear, as iu other cities, detached from the buildings 

 which they inclosed, but by their boldness and decision of outline 

 heightened the unity and connection of the groups of architecture 

 within. The temples were full of the finest paintings, the works of 

 I'rotogenes, Zeuxis, and other artists of the school of Rhodes. The 

 celebrated picture of lalysus, by Protogenes, which was afterward* 

 brought to Rome, was the object of universal admiration. The coins 

 of Rhodes are numerous and of good workmanship. 



In the reign of Heraclius (A.D. 616), Rhodes is mentioned among the 

 conquests of Chosroes, king of Persia, but it reverted to the dominion 

 of the Greek emperors shortly afterwards. In the kalifate of 

 Othman, 651, it was taken by Moawiyah, one of his generals, and 

 the fragments of the Colossus, which had been lying on the ground 

 ever since its fall, were collected by the Saracens, and sold to a Jewish 

 merchant of Edessa. It afterwards came again under the sway of 

 the Greek emperors. In the year 1310 Fulke de Villaret, grand- 

 master of the Knights of St. John, made himself master of the island, 

 which became from that time the place of residence of the order, till 

 their final expulsion in the 16th century. Five years after their settle- 

 ment they sustained a formidable siege from Othman, the Turkish 

 sultan, and, notwithstanding the unprepared state of their fortifications, 

 succeeded in repulsing him, and a few years afterwards his son Orkan. 

 From this period they continued to resist the constantly increasing 

 power of the Turks, for about 200 years, adding to the advantages of 

 a position naturally very strong the most skilfully designed fortifica- 

 tions that could be devised in the 14th and 15th centuries, and making 

 the numerical superiority of the infidels of little avail, by their better 

 organisation in the field, more efficient weapons and armour, and 

 incredible valour. In 1344, in the graud-masterahip of Helcon de 

 Villeneuve, they attacked and took Smyrna, which they maintained 

 as on outpost. About 50 years later the order engaged in a league to 

 check the increasing power of Bajazet, and sustained a severe loss at 

 the fatal battle of Nicopolis. In 1401 Tamerlane deprived them of 

 Smyrna. In 1480 Mahomet II. laid siege to Rhodes, and, notwith- 

 standing the immense force of artillery employed against it, could not 

 take the place. - The last and most memorable siege of Rhodes was 

 June, 1522, by the Turks, conducted by their sultan Solyman II. The 

 princes of Christendom, thinking probably that it was hopeless to 

 attempt the defence of so distant an outpost, abandoned Rhodes to its 

 fate, and its gallant inhabitants held out till they were nearly buried 

 in the ruins of their fortifications. Their grand-master, Villiers de 

 Lisle Adam, entered into a capitulation in December the same year, 

 and evacuated Rhodes on honourable terms, retiring with his knights 

 to the island of Malta. The island of Rhodes has ever since remained 

 a province of the Turkish empire. 



The greatest length of Rhodes, from north to south, is about 

 36 miles, and its breadth 18 miles. 'The air is mild and healthy, and 

 fragrant from the number of orange and citron groves and of aromatic 

 herbs. The soil is fertile, producing grapes, figs, and corn. The 

 population has been variously estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000. 

 The inhabitant* are governed by a bey, who holds his office for life. 

 The bey farms the revenues and pays an annual sum of half a million 

 of piastres every year to the Porte, besides fitting out a frigate every 

 two or three years. Ship-building is the chief employment of the 

 Rhoditas. 



Homer mentions three cities of Rhodes Lindus, Camirus, and 

 lalyaius. These were the three most ancient Doric cities in the 



