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MIWWI tM*>insrr.pMtifioal palace and gardens. AtRome 

 Jr oalied Monte Cavallo, from the two oolonml statue, of 

 CMnrandPDlluz. with their bore.*, which stand in the square before 

 UMMSM*. OnUMenst side of OM square i* the PalanodelU Consulta, 

 it to it UM Palaamo RospkUoei, which occupies an extensive 

 to . deto.n.d^.^ or^Lnin.r.bo,Me of the latter is the 

 .hbolril Aaron of Onido; which is considered the masterpiece of 

 that creat painter. A fine street, about a mile in length, leads from 

 It, tqar> of UM pontifical palace along the plateau of the Quirinal 



fjmiin Focus jy another street leading from the Piazza Barberiui 

 to UM ehnreh of Santa Maria Msflgtore, whence several streete lead to 

 Porte Macrtore, Porte San Lorenao, and Porte San Giovanni. The 

 BMcninornt church of Santa Maria Maggiore on the Esquiliue Hill, 

 which here joins the Quirinal. is the eastern extremity of modern Rome. 

 PijiMil it, north, east, and south, the whole expanse of the Esquiline 

 U uuoniilnl by cardena, villas, and fields, with some solitary churches. 

 TVt mitn Intel eel In* of the** churches are 1, San Pietro in Viucoli, 

 bnflt first by Kudoxia, wife of Valentinian III., and rebuilt by Pope 

 Adrian I. ; it contains the mausoleum of Julius IL, with the statue of 

 Moses by Michel Angelo : 2, the handsome church of San Martino ai 

 Monti, vhieo, with ite ancient oratory and vaulte, its modern embellish- 

 MnU and the freeooes by Pouesin, u worthy of notice. 



Between the wret slope of the Eequiline and the south slope of the 

 Quirinal are nrraral streete, which extend to the Campo Vaccino. 

 Farther north, at the foot of the Quirinal, and in the gap between it 

 and UM Capitoline Mount, is the piazza which contains Trajan's 



Tbe Capitoline Mount, celebrated in the history of ancient Rome, 

 is called by corruption Campidoglio. It rises on the eastern skirts of 

 UM r-*"*-**^ part of modern Rome, which it divides from the Forum 

 and UM other forsaken districts of the ancient city. The Capitoline 

 Mount it of an oral shape, and about one mile in circumference at its 

 baa* ; it is divided from the Quirinal to the north-east by a narrow 

 valley, in which the Forum of Trajan once was, and the Pillar of Trajan 

 till u ; it has to the east the Forum of Augustus and the Via Sacra, 

 which divides H from the Eaquiline Hill ; to the south-east the valley 

 of UM Forum Romanum, which divides it from the Palatine Hill ; to 

 UM south the Forum Boarium, which divides it from the Aventine 

 Hill ; and the Tiber to the south-west It has two summits, one to 

 UM north towards the Quirinal, on which the church and Franciscan 

 convent of Ara Coali now stand ; and another to the south towards 

 UM Tiber, on which are the Caflarelli palace and gardens. At the 

 oath rod was the Tarpeian rock, down which state-criminals were 

 Burled. The height of this side of the hill is very much reduced, 

 UM ground at the foot of it having been considerably raised by ruins 

 and rubbish, and the rock itself having been sloped down, and houses 

 built against it The height of the Capitol, taken at the pavement of 

 UM church of Ara Cceli, which is the highest summit, is 155 feet 

 above the sea, 185 feet above the Tiber taken at its medium height, 

 aad about 90 feet above the present surface of the Forum, which how- 

 rr is in several places 20 feet higher than its ancient level. This 

 kill is said to have been called Satumius in the ante-Roman times. 

 When UM first Romans built their town on the Palatine, they built 

 UMir an, or citadel, upon the hill afterwards called the Capitoline. In 

 thrir first war with the Sabines the latter took possession of this 

 stronghold by the treachery of a woman called Tarpeia, the daughter 

 of UM Roman 'commander. Hence the hill took the name of Tarpeius. 

 After the peace Tatius and his Sabines settled on the Tarpeian Mount, 

 sod Romulus remained on the Palatine. Tarquinius the Elder began 

 to build a temple to Jupiter on the Tarpeian Mount, the summit of 

 which be levelled for the purpose. The building was afterwards con- 

 tinned by Tarqtiiuius Superbua. In digging some part of the founda- 

 tions h is said the workmen found a human bead quite fresh, which 

 was interpreted to signify that the spot would be the head and centre 

 of UM Roman power, (livy, L 65.) The temple was accordingly 

 dedicated to Jupiter Cepitolinna, from caput, 'ahead.' The temple 

 stood on UM northern summit of the hill where the church of Ara 

 Cc*li now stands. It was burnt in the civil war of Marins, but Sulla 

 nbuilt it with much greater spendour and of the most costly materials. 

 U is said to have been 200 feet long and 185 feet wide; it hsd a 

 peristyle with three rows of marble columns in front, and two rows 

 of pilWi divided the interior into three aisles, at the farthest end of 

 whiob wen three cellas dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. The 

 vmnH of UM tetTm' and UM external roof were covered with plates of 

 old. This temple was the principal sanctuary of Rome, to which 

 UM victorious general* and emperors went in triumphal procession to 

 v Many other temples and public buildings were 

 . on the Capitoline HilL Tbe temple of Concord 

 i slop* towards the Forum. In the intermontium or little 

 raBry between the two summits (Clivi) stood the asylum or place of 

 refoce, between two plantation, of oak-trees. 



Toe principal buildings of the modern Capitol consist of three 

 palaoea, UM work of Michel Angelo, forming three sides of a square, 

 to UM middle of which steads UM equestrian statue of Marcus 

 Anreliu*. The open side faces the north-west towards the modern 

 dty. Toe palace facing it is that of the senator of Rome ; to the 

 left of H is the paste* de'Consenratori, which is filled with collections 



os toUMgoda. 

 ucosasively 01 

 on UM slope toi 



of pictures, statues, and objects of vertu, among which is the famous 

 bronse wolf of the Capitol mentioned by Cicero in his third ' Catali- 

 narian Oration ; ' and to the right the Capitoline Museum, one of the 

 finest collections of statues and sculptures in Italy. Among the 

 treasures of this museum are the celebrated Dying Gladiator, and the 

 Antinoiis and the Faun from Hadrian's villa. The three palaces and the 

 square between occupy the intermontium, the two summits being 

 occupied by the church of Ara Cooli and the palace and gardens of 

 CaffitrallL Two ways lead down by the senatorial palace into the 

 Campo Vaccino, or ancient Forum, one of which passes the site of the 

 Mamertine prison. 



IIL The third great division of modern Rome lies on the right bank 

 of the Tiber, and consists of two distinct part* : II Borgo, or Vatican, 

 and Trastevere, properly so called, which are divided from one 

 another by an inner wall. The Borgo, or Citta Leoiiina, extends from 

 the bridge of St. Angelo to the Piazza of St. Peter's. The Vatican 

 Haunt was outside the walls of ancient Rome, and originally within 

 the territory of Etruria. In the plain between the hill and the Tiber 

 Caligula constructed a circus for chariot-races, which was the scene of 

 the martyrdom of many of the early Christians. Nero fixed au obelisk 

 in the middle of it, the same which now stands before St. Peter's. 

 This circus, being afterwards used by Nero, was called by his name. 

 Nero hod also gardens in the same neighbourhood. The circus was 

 destroyed under Constantino, who built on its site a church or basi- 

 lica, dedicated to St. Peter, who, according to tradition, was buried 

 on that spot This church was consecrated by Pope Sylvester I., and 

 enriched by Constantino with splendid ornaments and ample revenues. 



Pope Leo IV., about A.D. 850, walled round part of the Vatican 1 1 ill 

 and the plain beneath, to protect the church of .St. Peter against the 

 incursions of the Saracens, and he gave the uninclosed grounds to a 

 number of Corsican families, which, having been driven from their 

 country by the Saracens, had taken refuge at Rome. It then became 

 a suburb of Rome, and was called Leonina Civitas. In 1149 Euge- 

 nius III. began building a palace near the church of St. Peter for the 

 Papal residence, which grew by degrees, under successive popes, into 

 an immense mass of buildings, known by the general name of the 

 Vatican. The Laterau palace had been formerly the residence of the 

 popes. Gregory XL, on his return from Avignon, fixed his permanent 

 residence in the Vatican on account of the protection of the neighbour- 

 ing castle of St. Angelo. The palace of the Vatican continued to be 

 the residence of the popes until about the middle of the 16th century, 

 when Paul III. built the palace on the Quirinal Mount, which, on 

 account of its healthier and purer air, has since been preferred to the 

 Vatican, which is however occasionally used as a winter residence, as 

 well as on the occasion of grand ceremonies being performed in St 

 Peter's, when the Pope removes to the Vatican to be near at hand. 



The old church of St Peter was a large structure, more than 300 

 feet in length : it lay lower than the present church, which has been 

 raised above it, and which is much larger. Part of the ancient church 

 is become a subterraneous vault under the pavement of the modern 

 building : it contains chapels and altars, with old monuments, sculp- 

 tures, and mosaics, and the public have access to it on certain days 

 only. 



Pope Julius II. commissioned the architect Bramante to make n 

 plan of a new church. The plan of Bramante was a Latin cross, sur- 

 mounted by a vast and lofty dome. Julius II. himself laid the first 

 stone on the ISth of April, 1506. Bramante raised the enormous 

 pillars which support the cupola. After the death of Julius and 

 Bramante, Leo X. entrusted the work first to Giulio di San Gallo and 

 to Raphael d'Urbino, who was an architect as well as a painter ; and 

 afterwards to Peruzzi, who altered Bramaute's plan into that of a 

 Greek cross, but effected little towards its execution. After Peruzzi's 

 death, Pope Paul III. sent for Michel Angelo, who carried forward 

 the works with his characteristic energy, raised the drum of the 

 cupola, covered over the body of the church, and cased the inside 

 with stone. After the death of Michel Angelo, his pupil Barozzi, or 

 Vignola, continued the building, and cased the exterior with travertine. 

 He died in 1573, and little more was done till 1585, when Sixtus V. 

 resolved that the dome should be finished, and commissioned Uomenico 

 Fontana and Giacomo della Porta, who, after making the necessary 

 plans and arrangements, began the work in July, 15S8. It was carried 

 on night and day ; 600 workmen were employed on it ; and in May 

 1590 the last stone, after being solemnly blessed by the Pope, was 

 fixed in its place at the sound of a discharge of cannon from the castle 

 of St Angelo. By the following November the crowning of the dome 

 was completed. Paul V. (Borghese) being elected Pope in 1605, 

 appointed Carlo Maderno to be architect of St Peter's, who lengthened 

 the nave of the church so as to give it the shape of a Latin cross. He 

 then built the portico, which was finished in six years, and was open 

 to the public in 1612. Two years later the whole structure was 

 completed. Sixtus V. and his architect Fontana had already raised 

 the obelisk before the church. Paul V., and after him Innocent, 

 constructed the two magnificent fountains by the sides of it; and 

 Alexander VII. began in 1661 the two semicircular colonnades which 

 inclose the Piazza, or open area, in front of the church. Bernini was 

 the architect of this lost work, which was finished in 1667. Lastly, 

 Pius VI. built the fine Sacristia and Chapter-house which adjoin the 

 church. 



