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two MSJ41S porphyry column*, with their entablatures, in their pi-went 



Tfc* T*npl* of Peaaa, called also the Basilica of ConsUntine, wu 

 Vrifr by MaiMiUu*, u>d after hi* death dedicated by Constantino. 

 TkU fHfn. which iiimliliil of thro* nave*, hu the northern-most 

 Oil! in nod iir.KrraUoo, and divided into thr,-o great arches, *n- 

 brKuc Ik* whol* length of th. DAK. The centre arch, it a later 

 period. WM altered into the form of ft tribune. The vaulting* of all 

 tkiw an decorated with enorraou* unk panels and stuccoed oma- 

 MH UK! the wall* with niches The southernmost uvc wu similar, 

 but without a tribune. All except the indication* of the piera hare 

 dbapaMnd, u well a* th* gr**t central nave, at the extremity of 

 whkh wae th* principal tribune, of which there are only a few frag- 

 Ml* of the noted ceiling on the ground. Winding brick .tail-cases 

 Ud op to th* roof ; on* U itill almot entire. The building was 300 

 fest fen* and 230 tr*t wide. Tn* principal facade faoed the ColoaMom, 

 aad part of an external arcade remaint in thii direction. The pavement 

 waa of (Ullo enlico, pavonaneUo, and oipollino. At a Uter period 

 tUi building waa converted into a rhrilian church, at which time an 

 Mtimo* vat formed toward* the Palatine, on the Via Sacra. 



Th* T.mpU of Minerva Medica was a circular domed temple of 

 Mok, (noted probably about th* time of Diocletian. The circum- 

 hu Din* nich** for statues, eeven of which have been found 

 t the ruin* at different time*. Only a part of iu bare walls and 

 U portion of th* dome, with the buttresses to secure it against a 

 latiral throat, now remain. 



The Temple of Nerra, situated in the forum of Nerva, was conse- 

 crated by Trajan to the memory of Nerra; it was one of the most 

 sumptuous edirior* in Rome. Only three columns and a pilaster, 

 partly buried in the ground, on the south side, now remain. 



Th* Temple of the Sun, on the terrace of the Colonna gardens on 

 th* Qnirinal Hill, is said to hare been erected by Elagabalus. It was 

 of gigantic dimension*, and highly enriched, if we may judge from the 

 to great masses that are left a part of an architrave and frieze, and 

 the) anile of th* pediment Han; fragments of sculpture dug up in 

 th* girdeoa have been fixed in walls at the back of these two masses. 

 Th* aH* was eminently calculated for a colossal temple, as the entire 

 height of th* building would have been visible from most parts of 



i. :.. 



The Temple of Janus no longer exists, but its site is supposed to 

 have be. n the junction of the four great forums, in the immediate 

 vicinity of the Mamcrtine prison, the arch of Septimius Severus, and 

 the Bwilica Pauli. 



A temple for a long time called the Temple of Jupiter Stator, and 

 afterwards the Temple of Minerva Cbalcidica, is situated in the Forum 

 Romanam, next to the site of a temple of Castor and Pollux. The 

 ruin consist* of three marble Corinthian fluted columns on an isolated 

 buenunt of travertine; the columns support a part of the highly 

 enriched entablature, which is in tolerable preservation. The propor- 

 tion*) and execution of this fragment are the very finest, and, since 

 tb* restoration of true architecture, it has served as the great model 

 of tb* Corinthian order. Of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, 

 originally built by the Tarquina, burnt ac. 83, and rebuilt by Sulla, 

 there remain ouly some vast substructions in the gardens of the 

 CaHkrrlli Palace. A temple wu built to yEsculapius on the island of 

 th* Tiber, th* site of which is occupied by the convent and church of 

 San Bartolomeo. 



dies. Many of the gates of ancient Rome still remain, most of 

 them having been rebuilt by Honorius or liolisarius. We mention the 

 following : Porte San Lorenzo, built by Honorius, A D. 402, and called 

 Tiburtina from it* leading to Tivoli ; it also opened out on the Via 

 ColUtina. This gate is attached to the monument at the junction of 

 tb* tar** aqueducts, the Aqua Marcia, Tepula, and Julia, which bears 

 a* in*cription alluding to the repairs made by Caracal In. Th. 

 aqueduct called Marcia i* commemorated by a coin of the Marcii, 

 which possibly may represent the original monument. 



The Porte Maggiore, lituatod at the spot called the 'Spea Votus.' 

 Here are the ancient gates of the Via Labicana and Via Pncnestina, 

 formed by the monument of the Claudian aqueduct. The magnificence 

 of these gateways wu owing, in agreat measure perhaps, to the circum- 

 stance of the Claudian aqueduct passing over them. Th* three great 

 inscription* on the attic above the gateways show, first, that Tiberius 

 Claodiua, th* emperor, brought to Rome the CUudian waters com- 

 posed of th* Cerulean and Curtian streams, and also the Aniene 

 Nova. Tb* second indicates the restoration by Vespasian ; and the 

 third, that by Titu*. This magnificent facade consists of two great 

 archways, and three piers, each decorated with two rusticated columns 

 of the Corinthian order, placed on a rustic basement, and supporting 

 an entablature and pediment Above the** U the lofty attic in whicl 

 an th* two water-channel*. This attic is lurmounted with a cornice 

 Sever* in character, thii structure is one of the best preserved, ant 

 on* of til* most imposing architectural masse* in Rome. From this 

 gate may be seen the four aqueducts, Julia, Tepula, Marcia, am 



Tb* Porte San Paolo, substituted by Honorius for the ancient gates 

 of Servius called Triemina, Jlinucia, Navalis, and Lavernalis. Being 

 built on tb* Via Ontiensis, it was called also Osticnsis. The present 

 gate wi rebuilt by Belianriu% who coLstructcd it on a new level, It 



ancient being 26 palms lower. The internal gate U older than the 

 ime of Btlisarius. and U formed with a double arch. 



The Porto del Popolo, the Flnminiau Gate, the chief entrance into 

 iome, was built by Honorius on a site a little higher up than the 

 iresent gate, towards the Pincian hill, on a slight elevation ; it was 

 amoved between the 6th and 8th ceuturies to its present situation. 

 The name of Porta del Popolo was given to it in the 15th century. 

 Aided by Vignola, Pius IV. decorated the external front, after the 

 iesign of Michel Angela. The internal decoration of this gateway is 

 jy Bernini. 



The Porte Latina, flanked by round brick towers, is built up in 

 the walls near the modern gate of San Sebastiano, in the south-eastern 

 angle of the city. On a spot near it St John is said to have suffered 

 martyrdom in A.D. 96. Inside the walls, between the Porta Latina 

 and the Porta San Sebastiano, is the tomb of Scipio. 



The Porte San Sebastiano, the ancient Porta Appia, presents two 

 line semicircular towers of brickwork resting on substructions of solid 

 marble. Inside of it is the arch of Drusus. 



The Porto San Pancrazio, on the Janiculum, is probably the ancient 

 Porto Janiculensis. Outside the walls between this gate and St. 

 Peter's are the grounds of the Villa Pamfili. It was here the French 

 commenced their operations against Rome in the siege of 1849. 



Tombi antt Monuments. Among the ancient tombs not the least 

 remarkable is the sepulchre of Eurysaces the Baker, which is situated 

 at the junction in Biviis of the Via Labicana and the Via 1'neuestina, 

 close to the monument of the Claudian aqueduct. The tomb of 

 C. Poblicius Bibulus stood originally without the walls of Servius 

 Tullius ; it stands now at the extremity of the Corso, and consists of 

 two stories, oue of which is buried in the soil. This monument 

 appears to have been erected prior to the Augustan age. The tomb of 

 the Claudii, a mass of shapeless rubble, stands on the Via Marforio 

 almost opposite the tomb of Bibulus. 



The Pyramid of Caius Cestius, constructed in the reign of Augustus, 

 for the ashes of Caius Cestius, and situated near the Porta San Paolo, 

 is a pyramidal mass of masonry covered with slabs of white marble, 

 and is erected on a basement of travertine. In the centre is a small 

 vaulted sepulchral chamber, decorated with arabesques, of which 

 some brilliantly coloured portions remain. At the angles are two 

 Doric fluted columns of white marble placed ou pedestals, aud on one 

 of two bases which have been discovered, was a bronze foot, which, 

 from an inscription on the base, appears to have belonged to a statue 

 of Caius Cestius. 



The Tomb of Scipio is situated on a cross-road connecting the Via 

 Appia and the Via Latina. The chambers are irregularly excavated 

 in the tufa rock, and appear to have been turned into a tomb, haviug 

 been originally formed for the purpose of procuring building materials. 

 The ancient entrance consists of a rude arch upon pepevino imposts, 

 and appears to have been partly covered with stucco and painted. 

 Over the arch is a stout moulding, upon which there was anciently a 

 second story. Several slabs of marble with inscriptions are attached 

 to the sides of the passages and chambers cut in the tufa. An elegant 

 sarcophagus of peperino with a bust of the same material were found 

 in one of these chambers, and have been placed in the Vatican. 



The Tomb of Concilia Metella, constructed on an eminence on the 

 side of the Appiau way, a little, beyond the Circus of Romulus, and 

 dedicated to the memory of Ciecilia Metella, daughter of Quintiis 

 Metellus, and wife of Crassus, is round in form, and placed on a 

 square basement constructed with magnificent blocks of travertine. 

 It is surmounted with a beautiful decorated frieze and an elegant 

 cornice, from which most probably rose a dome or a conical-formed 

 roof, now destroyed. In its place there is .1 battlcmeuted wall, built 

 A.D. 1300, which indicates its change from a sepulchre to a fortress. 

 In the time of Paul III. a sarcophagus was found here, which was 

 placed in the cortile of the Farnese palace in Rome. 



The Mausoleum of Augustus, constructed by Augustus, between 

 the Via Flaminia and the banks of the Tiber, was destroyed iu 1167 

 in a popular tumult, and became a shapeless ruin. The building was 

 of circular form, 220 Roman feet iu diameter, and was probably 

 domed. Round the inner circumference were thirteen sepulchral 

 chambers and an ample chamber in the centre. In the latter part of 

 the hist century the remains of this edifice were turned into an amphi- 

 theatre for bull-fights and fireworks. Two obelisks without hierogly- 

 phics, which formerly stood at the entrance of the Mausoleum, now 

 adorn the piazza of Santo Maria Maggiore and the Quirinal. 



The Mausoleum of Hadrian, now called Castle of San Angelo, erected 

 by Hadrian on the right bank of the Tiber, within the gardens of 

 Domitio. This building consists of a circular tower whose present 

 diameter is 188 feet, placed on a quadrilateral basement, each side of 

 which is 253 feet It was once highly decorated, but no vestiges of 

 the decorative part remain. Procopius, who described it in the 6th 

 century, before it was injured, says it was built of Parian marble, aud 

 ndorned with statues, both of men and horses, of the same material. 

 ('Goth.,' lib. i) Between the time of the rebuilding of the walls of 

 Rome by Honorius and the Gothic war, it appears to have been already 

 turned into a fortress, but without injury to the decorations. During 

 the wars with the Goths, the Romans, being shut up iu the building, 

 were reduced to the necessity of throwing down the statues on their 

 besiegers. In the 10th century it was fortified, and it has been since 



