m BOKK. 



to fc Arab of Jams, to until structure highly enriched, and oonstrta 

 of atBf> otMmfc square to farm. Mid supported on broad pilasters 

 MUJ <tk .linnet Tb* inscription shows it to hare ben erected 

 of the Foram Boarium in honour of 



KOMI:. 



332 



Senrna, Jaba Damn his wife, nd Caracalla. 

 L The Catam of M. Anreliue Antoninus in the Piazza 

 baan already noticed. 



TW Column of Antoataua Pius WM dtoeemred on the Monte Citorio, 

 to *! of the MiaJoii, in 1709. It wi of a eingle piece of red 

 treart*, ud had a white marble pedestal, now in the Vatican gardens. 

 The matt* shaft, which wai 68 Roman palmi long, was used to 

 mtor* U obeliaks erected by Pins Vf. 



The Colnmn of Tramn, formed of 34 piece* of white marble, was 

 scaetad by TYaja^ as a decoration to hi* great fonim, at the west base of 

 the QairiBaL The height repreaenta the bright of the Quirinal cut away 

 and removed for tit* level aite of the forum. This column, admirable 

 bath lor to proportion and for the design and execution of the baa- 

 reliefs and ornament*, which are in the beat taste, was the receptacle 

 far the aaha* of Trajan. A series of bas-reliefs are round the shaft, 

 ! a spiral forming pictorial history of the achievements of the 

 rmprror. It is in a high stair of preservation. A statue of St. Peter is 

 flaiii oa the pedestal at it* summit, and it is ascended by a spiral 



The Column of Phocaa, erected in the Forum Romanum by the exarch 

 Smaragdua to the emperor Phocas A.D. 60S, is a fluted Corinthian 

 column. On the top of the capital there was a gilt statue of 'ho 

 The pedestal is placed on a flight of steps of bad con- 



.. The forum i of Trajan, Norva, and Augustus were situated 

 -~,_. the Qnirinal and the Capitoline. The Foram Romanum lay 

 between the Capitoline and the Palatine ; and between the west base 

 of the Utter and the Tiber was the Foram Boarium, along the north 

 of which ran the Cloaca Maxima; and to the south, between the 

 Palatine on the east and the Arentine on the west, was the Circus 

 Maiimn* Between the Forum of Augustus and the Forum Romanum 

 the Via Sacra led down from the Capitol in the direction of the 

 Colosasum, to the east of which was the street called Suburra, 

 between the Eaquiline and the Celian hills. Northward from the 

 Forum of Trajan was the Forum Suarium and the Forum of Antoninus, 

 which lay between the Flaminian Way and the Quirinnl. West of 

 the Flaminian Wsy, and between it and the Tiber, was the Campus 

 Martins and the Flaminian Circus. It has been before stated, that 

 the modern city covers this part of the ancient site, and the position 

 and extent of most of these forums are now all but unknown. The 

 Forum of Nerva is marked by an irregular line of wall, remarkable 

 for iu height and massive masonry of travertine, set without cement. 

 It is highly probable that the wall is much more ancient than the 

 date of the formation of the forum. Through this wall there is an 

 ancient archway with the masonry cut dianonally. Of the Forum of 

 Trajan only the celebrated Column of Trajan and part of the Basilica 

 Ulpia can be seen ; the rest of the site is buried under the adjacent 

 stiauta and bonce*. The columns of the basilica are of gray granite, 

 and hare been replaced in their respective situations. The site of the 

 ** > P* *d pedestals at then- entrance may be distinguished, and 

 uuuMiuu* fragments of marble capitals, entablatures, and ornaments 

 are ranged round the area. 



M italt aatum. The Mamertine and Tullian Prison, situated near 



the Capitol, and cloae to the Roman Forum, was built prior to the 



raign of Servius Tnllins, and enlarged by him. Part of the front, 



5 feet long and 18 feet high, is constructed with large blocks of tufa 



* cement j a part is also buried in the earth. The prison was 



rtdadtoto two floors, and the round hole through which criminals 



> dropped hrto the lower prison still exist'. There is a tradition 



was confined in this prison by order of Nero. It under- 



e repairs A.D. 28 ; but there is no doubt that the building is 



in more ancient time. The masonry resembles that of the 



f Atreus at Myctnue and the tombs of Tarquinii, and it 



>bly UM work of ancient Etruscan workmen. The prison is 



\ by the church of San Giuseppe, and is far below the level 



of OM surrounding soil. 



The Cloaca Maxima, constructed by Tarquinius Priscus about B.c 600 

 rt memorable work of ancient Rome. It was built 

 the marmhes between the Palatine and Capitoline hills. The 

 w same massive and durable character as that of the 

 is a tunnel or arched sewer, 14 feet wide and 

 if vart blocks of volcanic stone put together 

 Two parts of this great sewer only are visible, one 

 i .?"" ? n drlfr<n . opposite the church of San Giorgio 

 the Tiber near the temple of 



** bant by Sejanus, In the reign of Tiberius, 



IZ? ,K ^I!i^ ^ th ' "T*-"* of Rom ' > ' Md d""">tled 

 the Gnat Three side* of the walled inclosure of a 

 wars joined by Honorius to his new walls, and form 

 waai on the plan of Rome. The site of the camp 



I 



^* ~ to"'*'!"' Pl*^ the point of junction of 

 regtens, and within a short distance of the Colosseum. It 



was reconstructed by Domitian in the form of a cone, in the centre of 

 a circular basin 80 Roman feet in diameter. The water came out in 

 a jet from the top of the cone. The gladiators of the amphitheatre 

 washed themselves at this fountain, which was repaired a few 

 years ago. 



The Portico of Octavia, built by Augustus, near the theatre of Marcel- 

 lus, as a place of refuge for the spectators in the theatra from a storm. 

 The portico, which had been burnt, was restored by the emperors 

 Septimius Severus and Caracalla. The ruin consists of one of the 

 principal entrances only, which had two fronts each, adorned with 

 four Corinthian fluted columns of white marble and two pilasters, 

 supporting an entablature and pediment. Several columns of Cipolino 

 and Carystian marble are walled into the houses of the fish-market 

 (Pescheria), in which the ruin is situated. A part of the portico is 

 now used as a church. 



The Palace of the Caesars, commenced by Augustus Cscsar, on the sitn 

 of the house of Hortensius, the orator, and of Catiline. Augustus 

 added to the original dwelling of Hortensius a temple dedicated to 

 Apollo, with a portico of Nuniidian columns, and also a library. This 

 palace was extended by Tiberius towards the Velabrum to the extre- 

 mity of the Palatine Hill. This part, in contradistinction to the 

 Domus Augnstana, was called DomuS Tiberiana. It was increased 

 towards the forum by Caligula, and united to the Capitol by a bridge, 

 which was afterwards destroyed By Claudius. The Palatine not being 

 sufficient for Nero, he extended the palace of the Caesars over the 

 whole of the plain between it, the Cselius, and the Esquiline, and a 

 part even of the Esquiline itself, thus uniting the palace with tho 

 gardens of Miccenas. This extensive palace having been destroyed by 

 the great fire of Rome in the reign of Nero, it was rebuilt by him in 

 a sumptuous style, and called the Domus Aurea, or Golden House. 

 After having suffered many changes and mutilations during the reigns 

 of successive emperors, it was much injured at the sacking of Rome 

 by the Vandals. Yet Heraelius inhabited it in the 7th century, and 

 in the time of Pope Constantine, in the beginning of the 8th century, 

 the greater part of it was standing. Extensive remains of the sub- 

 structions and some of the corridors still exist, especially towards the 

 Circus Maximus. The rains of the palace of the Caesars stood in 

 what is now called tho Orti Farnesiani, and here may be recognised 

 the position of a part of the palace of Augustus, of that of Tiberius, 

 of Caligula, and of Nero. The most extensive parts of the ruins are 

 the foundations and basements which sustained the external porticoes, 

 and the basements of the other parts of the palace, which from time 

 to time was enlarged. On the higher part of the hill may be seen 

 considerable remains of the famous Palatine Library, built by 

 Augustus, and the magnificent Temple of Apollo connected with it, 

 and built after the victory of Actium. Towards the Circus Maximus 

 are the foundations of the theatre built by Caligula, in the palace 

 which he joined to the front of the house of Augustus. Near the 

 Temple of Apollo, but below it, there are two small chambers, called 

 the Baths of Livia, which are very well preserved, and the painting 

 and gilding are in good taste. 



The Curia Hostilia, on the southern aide of the forum. Three walls 

 only of this building remain; they were originally covered with 

 marble, and the facade was probably decorated with columns. 



The Milliarium Aureutn, or Golden Milestone, from which distances 

 were measured, stood near the temple of Saturn and close to the arch 

 of Septimius Severus, in the Forum Romanum. It is a circular 

 pillar on a circular basement lined with marble, and was erected by 

 Augustus. 



The Circus Maximus, situated in the valley at the south side of the 

 Palatine Hill, was founded by Tarquinius Priscus, and restored and 

 enlarged by Julius Csesar. Augustus erected the obelisk of the spina. 

 It was burnt in the great fire of Rome under Nero. Vespasian 

 restored and perhaps enlarged it. Trajan embellished it, and under 

 Constantine the Great it was again repaired and beautified, and his 

 son Constantius erected the second obelisk. Of this vast edifice the 

 general form only is distinguishable in the vineyard in which it now 

 stands. 



The Circus of Romulus, commonly called the Circus of Caracalla, is 

 adjoining to the Temple of Romulus, and is of the same style of brick 

 construction. This circus was consecrated by Maxentius, A.D. 311, 

 according to the inscription upon it. 



General Topography. The part of Rome built by Romulus about 

 B.C. 752 occupied the Palatine Hill on the eastern side of the Tiber. 

 This town, built in a square form, was intersected by two main streets, 

 one running from north to south, the other from east to west. This 

 square town existed till a very late period, and was surrounded by a 

 wall pierced by three gates. The Pomerium, that is, the precincts 

 within which auguria could be taken, ran, according to Gellius (xiii. 

 14, 2), round the foot of the hill; but was afterwards extended. 

 Towards the Capitoline and the Aventine respectively tho town was 

 surrounded by swamps and ponds. Between the Palatine and Cselian 

 the valley was not so deep, and it contained a long tract of elevated 

 ground called the Velia, on which side the town, being easy of access, 

 required fortifications. 



As early as the time of Romulus, Etruscan settlements existed on 

 the Caelian Hill, and extended over Mons Cispius and Oppius, which 

 are parts of the Esquiline. They were compelled by the Romans to 



