' " 



ROMR. 



340 



. _ . mm . it to the Wortoro 



rfrV Th. oapltaH RowTa-d OoBoUrtloopI^ had ch iu tettate. 

 &eamlt>rlviteM; bt ww baod of onion between the two rrapirea 

 of * * .000 b to ftd 



i bther. The emperors of the Eat contrived to avert 



of the barbariana, and to turn their attention to the 



which, twine alo more expoeed to such invasions, WM dm 

 r* ; the gMtera empire, which had the advantage of a 

 hit position far Ita empltal, and hd aUo greater mean 



destined 

 _, . more 



even 



UM1n*. 



uniKw po<Hl<B " wf-w-f - - o - - 



r arml. prolonged Mi existence for many centuries. And 



II hi ioat all ita provinei, and WM confined to a very narrow 

 eMM, h uemtbeUei maintained Itoelf in this wretched condition 

 -r 1458, when Constantinople WM taken by the Turks 



Tte mllowtaf b a chronological IM of the emperors of Rome : 



Caligula 



Xww . 



OeJba, (Mho. ViMliui 



Trajan 

 Hadrian . 

 Aotoninu* Piu 

 Harcua Antoninus 



PectiMX 



Uacriniu 



Alexander Severus . 



A.D. , 



. .c. 90 14 ; 

 . A.D. 14 57 

 85 41 



41 54 

 54- 83 , 

 8 70 

 70 79 

 79 81 

 81 96 

 96 98 , 

 98117 

 117133 

 138161 

 161 ISO 

 180192 , 

 198 

 193 



198-211 

 211-217 



218222 ! 



... . 



Water* Empire. 



A.D. A.D- 



Ihximinu* . . 235238 



GordUnu. . . . 233-248 



Philippus . . 248249 



Demus . . . 249-261 



Trebonianni Galltu 251253 



Valerianus * GaUienni 253260 



Gallienu* & Odenathus 261263 



M. Aurelius . . 268270 



Aurelianus. . . 270275 



Tacitiu . . . 275 i7(J 



Annius Floriamu . 276 



Aurelius Probua . 276282 



Carus . . . 282284 

 DiooletianiMaximianus284 305 



Coustantius . . 305306 



Constantino . . 306337 



Constant; us . . 337361 



Julianus. . . 361863 



Flav. Jovianus . . 363364 



Valentinianus . . 364878 



Theodosius . . 378395 



Eastern Empire. 



Yaleotinijuiuj 



Maximtu 



Aritus . 



Majorianui . 



Ubiue Serenit 



Proeopiu* Authemius 



Oljceriui 



Nrpo. . 



Romalui Auguitului 



A.D. A.D. A.D. A.D. 



. 595423 Arcadius .... 395408 

 . 424425 , Theodosius II. . . 408450 

 . 426455 Pulcheria 4 Marcianus 450457 

 .455 I*o L . . . . 457-474 



. 455456 , Leo the Younger . . 474 

 . 457461 Zeno .... 474491 

 461-465 Anastasius L . . 491518 

 . 467472 Juatinus I. . . . 518527 

 . 473474 Justinian I. . . . 527565 

 . 474475 i 

 . 475476 I 



Odoaeer, who a* before stated deposed Romulus Augustulus A.D. 476, 

 fixed fail reaideooe at Ravenna, and professed to govern Italy in the 

 name of Zeoo, emperor of the East In A.D 490, Odoaeer after being 

 repeatedly defeated by TheoHoric, chief of the Ostrogoths, shut him- 

 self up in Ravenna, in which he was besieged for more than two 

 yean, during which all the rett of Italy lubmitted to Theodoric. At 

 U*t Odoaeer ramndered through famine, in February, 493. Theodoric 

 made hit entrance into Ravenna, and WM received by the archbishop 

 at the bead of hit clergy. At first he treated Odoaeer with kindness, 

 but be afterwards canted him to be put to death. 



TheoHoric obtained the investiture of the kingdom of Italy from 

 the emperor Anaitaiins. fixed hit residence at Ravenna, and founded 



in Italy, which lasted till 552, when Totila was 

 I slain at the battle of Tagina. in Umbria, by the imperial 

 of Juetinun commanded by Names. During the wars of 

 i again* Totila for the recovery of Italy, Rome was frequently 

 tad occupied lueceerively by Belisarius, Totila, and N arses. 

 I after defeated Teian (one of the Gothic generals who had 

 been sleeted king at Pkvia) near Nocera in Campania ; and from this 

 time Rom* and Italy wen governed by Kxarcha, who resided at 

 RarenM. Under the wiee adminbtretion of Nurses, Rome recovered 

 from the long calamities that H had suffered during the Gothic war. 

 It eaeaped the devastating incursion of a large party of Franks and 

 thmaani, who overran Italy to to southern extremity, but were 

 oXhatad with mat slaughter by Nanee on the bank* of the Vo! turn us, 

 after which Name returned in triumph to Rome with an immense 



Nans* after being depend from hi* government at the insti- 

 gmtiaD at the Romans, oame at their invitation to reside in the city, 

 d dM quietly at ROOM in M8. being then above 90 yean of age. 

 Th Exarchs, having fixed tbeir residence at Ravenna, made a con- 

 siderable change hi the administration of Italy. The annual consul- 

 ship, which had been perpetuated from the time of the ancient 

 blic, fell into disuse after the year 641. During the Gothic war, 

 us WM the last consul appointed. But the distribution and the 

 of the provinces bad remained the Mine M under Constantine, 



and they were administered by consular^ and presides. Longinus 

 however abolished these magistrates, and instead of them sent an 

 officer called Dux to each town or district, who was changed every 

 year. Rome WM not in this respect more privileged than the rest; 

 it had its duke, or patrician, as he is sometimes called, who was sent 

 from Ravenna. Hence the name of Duchy of Rome. Rome however 

 retained its internal municipal administration and laws, and the clergy 

 and bishop of Rome began to exercise a greater influence in ten 

 matters than they had done under the Gothic kings. [PAPAL STA 



The Longobards occupied a great part of Italy, but they never took 

 Rome, although they threatened and besieged it several times during 

 the two centuries that their power lasted. This remarkable fact may 

 be partly explained by the circumstance of Rome being doubly pro- 

 tected by the presence of her bishop, who was highly venerated in all 

 the west, and by the temporal jurisdiction exercised over it by the 

 Greek emperor. The Longobards never formed a compact kingdom ; 

 they did not possess all Italy, M the Goths hnd ; the eastern emperors 

 retained a considerable part of the country, and their power, though 

 distant, was still considered formidable. 



A rupture between Lnitprand and the Roman*, brought on by the 

 demand of the former for the surrender of fugitive, and the devasta- 

 tion by the Longobards of part of the Roman duchy, induced Pope 

 Gregory to send for support to Charles Martel, about the year 740, 

 with presents and the keys of the sepulchre of St. Peter, and with an 

 offer of transferring the allegiance of the duchy of Rome from the 

 emperor to him, provided Charles would protect Rome against the 

 Longobards. This waa the beginning of the connection of the popes 

 with the kings of France. On the death of Gregory, his successor, 

 Zacharias, adopted a different course of policy, and, instead of applying 

 for assistance from beyond the Alps, sent an embassy to King Luit- 

 prand, to beg of him to let the duchy of Rome have peace. Subse- 

 quently, Pope Zacharias had an interview with Luitprand at Orta, 

 when the king received him with great honours, released all the 

 prisoners made in the preceding war, and restored several towns and 

 domains belonging to the duchy of Rome which he had occupied, but 

 he gave them in writing as a donation to St. Peter. Pope Stephen 

 succeeded Zacharias (753) ; after some useless remonstrances with 

 Astolphus, the Longobard king, who demanded the submission of the 

 duchy of Rome, the Pope then went to France, where he crowned 

 Pepin, the son of Charles Martel, king ; and at the same time pleaded 

 his cause so well with Pepin against the Longobards that Pepin 

 entered Italy with a large army. Astolphus shut himself up in Pavia. 

 After a short siege a treaty was concluded, by which Astolphus 

 promised to leave Rome in peace, and to restore the towns of the 

 duchy which he had seized. Astolphus however broke his promise, 

 and in the year 756 he besieged Rome and devastated its territory. 

 Pepin, at the request of the Pope, again crossed the Alps. Astolphus 

 retired to Pavia, and soon after concluded a new treaty, by which he 

 engaged to pay a large sum of money, and not only to restore all that 

 belonged to the duchy of Rome, but also Ravenna and the Exarchate 

 to the Bee of St. Peter. The act of donation of the Exarchate, the 

 Pentapolis, and the town of Commachio was made by Pepin. [PAPAL 

 STATES.] In the following year, 757, Astolphus died, and Desiderius, 

 duke of Istria, was proclaimed king of the Longobards. Desiderius 

 refused to observe the stipulations of Astolphus, and retained several 

 towns of the Exarchate. A fresh quarrel broke out between Deside- 

 rius and Pope Adrian I., who had applied for assistance to Charle- 

 magne. Charlemagne passed the Alps and besieged Desiderius in 

 Pavia. Desiderius surrendered in 774, and the kingdom of Italy 

 passed under the dominion of the Franks. 



Charlemagne, having assumed the iron crown of Lombardy, con- 

 firmed Pepin's donation to the Pope, who acknowledged him as 

 patrician of Rome and his temporal superior. In the year 800 the 

 sovereignty of Charlemagne over Rome was confirmed by Pope 

 Leo III., who crowned him at Rome emperor of the West, with the 

 title of Carolus I., Csosar Augustus, a title which was acknowledged 

 by Nicephorus, emperor of the East, who defined the limits 1>< 

 the two empires. Rome was nominally under the Carlovingian 

 dynasty till 888. 



In the year 887 Charles the Fat was solemnly deposed, and in him 

 ended the imperial dynasty of the Carlo vingians. A long period of 

 confusion followed, during which there were many claimants for the 

 throne of Italy. Otho of Saxony, king of the Germans, married 

 Adelaide, widow of Lotharius, the late so-called king of Italy, at 

 Pavia, aud in the following year returned to Germany. He allowed 

 Berengarius, who had succeeded Lotharius, to retain the crown of 

 Italy as his vassal, after swearing fidelity to Otho in the presence of 

 the court and army. Friuli and the March of Treviso were exeepted, 

 which Otho kept under his immediate dominion. Otho himself 

 handed to Berengarius a sceptre of gold, in token of investiture. 

 From this transaction arose the claims of the kings of Germany upon 

 the kingdom of Italy. Otho soon after deposed Berengarius, and 

 WM himself elected king of Italy, and crowned in the church of 

 St. Ambrose, at Milan, with the ancient crown and other insignia of 

 the Longobard kings. He was immediately after crowned as emperor 

 by Pope John XII. He swore to respect the authority of the Roman 

 see, and not to encroach upon its temporal rights and possessions. 

 He WM acknowledged emperor, and his son as king of the Romans ; 



