341 



ROMAGXA. 



ROSCOMMON. 



S42 



but the Pope remained lord of the Roman duchy as a great imperial 

 feudatory, as in the time of the Carlovingians. Rome, with the rest 

 of Italy, paid nominal obedience to the emperors of Germany till 

 127^. Cardinal Oreini, being elected pope in 1277 by the name of 

 Nicholas III., applied to Rudolph of Hapsburg, king of Germany, to 

 define by a charter the State* of the Church, and separate them for 

 ever from those dependent on the empire. Rudolph defined by letters 

 patent, dated May 1'278, the State* of the Church aa extending from 

 Radioofaui to Ceprauo on the frontiers of Naples, and from the 

 Mediterranean to the Adriatic, including the former duchy of Spoleto, 

 the March of Aucoua, and the Romagna. Ue released the people of 

 all tho*e places front their oath of allegiance to the empire, giving up 

 all rights over them which might still be settled in the imperial crown, 

 and acknowledging the sovereignty of the same to belong to the see 

 of Borne. This important document, which is found in Rayualdus 

 ('Annales'), was confirmed by the electors and princes of the empire. 

 Thus ended the former impei ial authority over Rome and lU territory ; 

 and the city and States of the Church hare been siuoe under the tem- 

 poral government of the pope*. [PAPAL STATES.'] 



ROMAGNA, ROMANDIO'LA, a name which wa* given in the 

 middle ages to a tract of country north of the Apennines, extending 

 along the coast of the Adriatic, from the river Foglia near Peoaro, 

 which was the northern boundary of Piceauiu, or the Match of 

 Ancona, to the Scolteuna, or Panaro, which flow* half way between 

 Bologna and Modena, This extent of territory corresponds to that of 

 the modern Papal legations, Bologna, Ravenna, Ferrara, aud ForlL 

 The Po was its boundary on the north, and the Apennines of Tuscany 

 on the south and west. Ravenna was the chief town. Pepin and 

 Charlemagne bestowed this part of Italy on the Holy See, but the 

 popes could not for a long time after enforce their political supremacy 

 over it- Alexander VI. commissioned his son C'caare Borgia to conquer 

 the country, which he effected, and Julius II. annexed it to the Papal 

 states. Although the country baa been long divided into adiniuistra- 

 tive divisions t> led '<(*""*. the general name Romagua continues in 

 use, being applied more especially to the eastern part of the country, 

 near the Adriatic, between Rimini aud Ravenna, the inhabitant* of 

 which are called at Rome to this day ' Roinagnoli.' 



RoMAN Al'EXXIXEa 



ROMK. [Rosu.1 



s. [Xw Tout] 



TARN. [Avruo.] 



ROMFORD, Essex, a market-town and the Mat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Roinford, is situated chiefly on the Uft bank 

 of the Bourse brook, called also the river Rom, in 51' 34' N. laU, 

 0' 11' E. long., distant 17 miles KW. by S. from Chelinsford, 12 mile* 

 from London by road or by the Eastern Counties railway. The 

 population of the town in 1 551 was 8791. The living is a vicarage in 

 toe archdeaconry of E*ex and diocesa of Rochester. The parish is 

 under the management of a local Board of Health. Roinford Poor-Law 

 Union contains 10 parishes, with au area of 48,21 4 acres, aud a popu- 

 lation iu 1-,. 



Bomford is a place of con*i<ltrable antiquity. The site of the Kosnaa 

 station Durolitum, on the ancient ruad from London to Colchester, 

 appears to have been at or near the present town. Being the oentre 

 of an important agricultural district, Romford markets and fain are 

 largely attended. On Monday there is a market for calves, oa Tuesday 

 one for hogs, and on Wednesday an important market for corn and 

 cattle. In spring and summer great numbers of young calves are 

 brought to market from Suffolk and the dairy districts of Essex. The 

 annual fair, which is chiefly for hones, is held on Midsummer-day and 

 the two following days. The church is a handsome new building in 

 the decorated style, with a square tower. The Independents, Wceleyan 

 Metbodiat*, and Baptist* nave chapels, and there are National and 

 Infant school*; schools connected with the Wesleyan Methodist and 

 Baptist chapels ; a literary and scientific institution, with a library and 

 reading-room, and a savings bank. Then is a large manufactory of 

 agricultural implements. A county court and quarter session* are 

 held in the town. 



ROMNEY MARSH, a liberty in the lathe of gbepway and county 

 of Kent, which give* name to a Poor-Law Union. The union contains 

 19 parishes, with an ana of 46,735 acres, and a population in 1651 of 

 5437. The tract of country called Roruney Minn is noticed under 

 KMT. 



KV, NEW. 

 NTIX. 



BOMSEY, Hampshire, a market-town, municipal borough, and the 

 seat of a Poor- Law Union, in the parish of Romsey Infra, is situated in 

 50* 59' N. Ial, 1" 30' W. long., distent 10 mile* S. W. from Winchester, 

 71 mile* S.W. from London by road, and 81 mile* by the London aud 

 South Western railway. The population of the town of Romsey in 

 1S51 was 20SU. The borough is governed by four aldermen and 12 

 councillors, of whom one is mayor. The living is a vicarage in the 

 archdeaconry and diocese of Winchester. Romsey Poor-Law Union 

 contain* 12 parishea. with an area of 27.373 acres, and a population in 

 1851 of 10,302. 



Romsey stands on the I ft bank of the river Anton or Test, over 

 which is a bridge. The town at one time possessed some extensiv 



manufactures, but since the application of steam to machinery, these 

 manufactures have been removed to districts where coal is abundant. 

 One flax-spinning mill and a paper-mill are in operation, worked by 

 water-power. The town is lighted with gas. The parish church is a 

 spacious cruciform structure. The exterior is chiefly of Norman, 

 architecture ; the central portion of the interior, the transepts, and the 

 sides of the chancel are also Norman ; the west end of the church is 

 early English. The church formerly belonged to an abbey of Benedic- 

 tine nuns, founded in the reign of Edward the Elder. Tiie Wesleyan and 

 Primitive Methodists, Independents^ Baptists, and Saudemauians have 

 places of worship. There are National, British, and Infant schools ; 

 an endowed school for 16 boys; an industrial school for girls, main- 

 tained by Viscount Pahuerstou ; a literary aad scientific institution ; 

 a reading society, and a mutual improvement society for young men. 

 There are in the town a town-hall ; au audit-house, supported on piers, 

 with au open space below for the persons attending the market ; a small 

 borough jail ; aud some ahushouse-. The market is held on Tuur.Jay ; 

 fairs are held on Easter Monday, August 26th, aud November 3th. 



RONAI.DSHA. [ORKNEY ISLANDS.] 



ROXCESVALLErf, or HONCEVAUX. [PYKEXEES, BAbSLs.] 



RONDA. [GRANADA.] 



RONSDORK. [Du&ELDORF.] 



ROQUEFORT. [AVETHOX.I 

 KOQUEMAI'RE. [GAUD.] 



ROQUEVAIKE. [Boucma-DU-RHoSj:.] 



RORASS. [TROSDHJKM.] 



ROSAXS. [ALPES, BA*>KS.] 



ROSARIO. [Mexico ; NEW GRANADA.] 



ROSAS. [CATALUSA.] 



ROSBERCON. [KiLt-EXST.] 



ROSCOFF. [FixisTiBB.] 



ROSCOMMOX, au inland couuty in the province of Couuaught, 

 Ireland, is bounded N. -by the counties of Sligo aud Leitriui ; K. by 

 Leitriui, Longford, aud Westmeath ; S. by King's County ami Galway ; 

 aud W. by Galway aud Mayo. It lie* between 53 17' and 54 6' 

 N. lat., 7' 50' aud 8 47' W. long. Its greatest length from north to 

 south is 60 miles, from east to west 40 miles. The area is 949 s.jiuro 

 mile*, or 607,691 acna; of which 440,522 acree are arable, 13U.299 

 acre* uncultivated, 6~it acres iu plantations, 768 acres in towns, aud 

 29,370 acre* under water. The population iu 1831 was 249,613; iu 

 1541 it was 263,591 ; in 1S51 it was 173,417. 



Surface, Mydreyrapliy, and Cummuiticatiuiu. The county has an 

 irregular outline. Near the centre it suddenly contract* southward 

 to lew than half its greatest breadth, extending in a narrow strip 

 between the riven Suck and Shannon. Northward the area gradually 

 diminishes till it terminates in a breadth of three miles. The surface 

 slope* toward* the Shannon, and lies within the great plain of Ireland. 

 It consuls for the most part of bold undulations. In the southern 

 division a series of elevated ridges, separated by alluvial flats, divide 

 into two range*, the one skirting the shore of Lough Uee, the other 

 the left bank of the Suck. At a distance of from two to four miles from 

 Ul Shannon, the surface rises into the Slieve Bawu range, which 

 reaches at it* southern extremity au elevation of 857 feel. Toward* 

 the opposite verge of the county the surface is generally level. The 

 only considerable elevation iu this district is Slieve Aelwyu, which 

 rise* between Castleree and Ballinlougu to a height of -1U7 feet. The 

 highest part of the county is iu the north, where the Curlew Hills on 

 the Sligo border near Boyle have an altitude of 863 feet ; and the 

 Braulieve Mountains, 1317 feet high, and Slieve Curkagh, 1098 feet 

 high, extend from Sligo aud Leitrim into the district west from Lough 

 Allen. 



The principal riven are the Shannon aud the Suck, which form about 

 two-thirds of the whole boundary lino of the county. The Shannon, 

 five miles from it* source in the county of Leitrim, enten Lough 

 Allen, about the middle of which is the northern limit of Roscommou. 

 From Lough Allen it flows along the eastern boundary with a wiudiug 

 course and seven! expansions, forming the chief lakes of RoBcommon, 

 to the southern extremity of the county, where it receives its chief 

 tributary the Suck. The course of the Shannon along the border of 

 Roscouimou is about 75 miles in length, with a fall of less than 40 

 feet, or about six inches to a mile. It is navigable throughout, except 

 in a few place* where rapids and shoals are passed by canals. 

 [SUAKVOH.] The Arigna and the Boyle are tributaries of the Shannon. 

 The Suck rises within the border of Mayo county, flows eastward to 

 the town of Castlerea, where it bends to the south, aud then runs 

 south-eastward to the western boundary, which it follows, with an 

 interval of about five miles, till it unites with the Shannon. Its course 

 in all is about 60 mile* long. It is navigable for flat-bottomed barges 

 to BaUinasloe, about 10 miles from the Shannon. 



The principal lakes are the several expansion* of the Shannon. 

 Lough Allen, the lower half of which burden the county, lies north 

 and south about eight miles long by three or four miles broad, and 

 about 160 feet above tea-level. It* shore* are well-wooded and rise 

 gently towards the fine mountain scenery iu the back-ground. Between 

 Lough Allen and Lough Kee, are Loughs Corry, Tap, Boderig or 

 Bodarg, Sconnell, aud Forbes. These are of various siaee, and some 

 of them very irregular in outline. Lough Ree, next to Lough Derg, 

 th largest of all the expansion* of the Shannon, reaches within two 



