319 



ROSSANO. 



ROTJ3ESAY. 



850 



Stornovay, a burgh of barony and sea-port, and the only town in 

 Levin, is situated at the head of a bay on the east side of the island, 

 in 58 13' N. lat, 6 20' W. long. The population of the town in 1841 

 was 1354 ; in 1851 it wag 2391. Stornoway was founded by James I. 

 for the purpose of introducing civilisation into the Highlands. The 

 houses are good, with elate roofs. There are a custom-house, a court- 

 house, a jail, a branch bank, and an assembly-room. In addition to 

 the Established church, there are a Free church and an Episcopal 

 chapel. The town is lighted with gas. The principal employment of 

 the inhabitant* ia fishing. Agriculture has considerably improved of 

 late years. The harbour is good and well sheltered, and is capable of 

 containing 300 vessels of any tonnage. Those belonging to the port 

 are 56 in number, with a tonnage of 2603. During 1853 there entered 

 the port 119 mil ing- vessels, tonnage 5463, and 88 steam-vessels, tonnage 

 15,804 ; and there cleared 60 sailing-vessels, tonnage 2508, and 89 

 steam- vessel a, tonnage 16,063. Attached to the harbour ia a patent 

 flip. There are several schools and a circulating library. On an 

 eminence overlooking the town is a splendid mansion, in the castel- 

 lated style, lately erected by Sir J. Matheson, the proprietor of the 

 island. 



fnrfryordon, population about 1100, about 14 miles X. by E. from 

 Dingwall, ia a small sea-port, from which cattle are sent to London. 

 Considerable quantities of grain are also shipped at the port. The 

 steam-vessels plying between Inverness and Leith and Inverness and 

 London call regularly at Invergordon. Boat-building is carried on. 

 .Viyy, population of the parish 1457 in 1851, on the north side of the 

 entrance to Cromarty Frith, opposite Cromarty town, possesses a parish 

 church, a Free church, and a chapel for United Presbyterians, in all 

 of which service U conducted regularly or occasionally in Gaelic. 

 Many of the population are engaged in fishing. Two ancient monu- 

 mental stones are at Kigg and at Shandwick, hi the parish. Strathpfffrr, 

 a Tillage which has recently arisen in connection with a mineral spa in 

 the valley of Strathpeffer, a short distance W. from Dingwall. Vi- itor- 

 resort to the place from May to October for the purpose of drinking 

 the mineral-waters. Near the spa U a fine ancient mansion, formerly 

 the seat of the earls of Cromarty. 



Hiitory, Antiguitiet, <kc In Kincardine and Fearn parishes are 

 several circles and standing stones ; and on the eastern shore of Loch 

 Roig, in Lewis, are the almost perfect remains of a circle of rough 

 stones. There are cairns in different places on the summiU of hills. 

 In several parts of the counties) are duns, or dounes (or Pictn' booses, 

 as they an termed) ; and also stone coffins, vitrified rains, and stone 

 obelisks. The earliest separate history of Roes shows it to hare been 

 an earldom, which was united with the lordship of the isles by the 

 marriage of a lord of the tries with the daughter of the earl In 1476 

 the earldom of Ross, the lands of Knapdale and Kintyre, and the 

 shrievalty of Inverness and Nairn, were annexed to the crown, in 

 return for which the Earl of Ross was created a peer of Parliament 

 During this period Ross gave title to a bishopric, erected bj David L, 

 king of Scotland : the cathedral was at FOBTBOSB. 



There are several remains of the feudal period in Ross-shire. 

 Loclilin Castle, on an eminence 6 miles E. from Tain, consists of two 

 rqnare towers 80 feet high, with Urge turrets raised upon the towers. 

 Craighoase Castle, on the southern shore of Cromarty Frith, is an 

 ancient towrr of five stories. The castles of Killcoy and Kedcastlc 

 are on the shore of Loch Beauly. Some ruins of Cadbole Castle are 

 on the east coast, between Cromarty and Moray friths, and of Donan 

 Castle, on the shore of Loch Also, on the west coast. There are also 

 some ecclesiastical ruins. Lochltn (or Fearn) Abbey is near Lochlin 

 Castle, east of Tain ; and there are the ruins of a number of ancient 

 chapels in Lewis, especially of St. Mulvay's chapel, in the north part 

 of the island. 



Krligiom Wortkip and Edueation. According to the Returns of 

 the Census In 1851, there were then in the two counties 88 places of 

 worship, of which 43 belonged to the Free Church, 35 to the 

 EsteblUed Church, S to the Episcopal Church, 2 to United Presby- 

 terians, sod one each to Independents, Baptists, and Roman Catholics. 

 The number of sittings provided in 75 of these places of worship was 

 44.444. Of day-schools there were 167, of which 148 were public 

 schools, with 9379 scholar*, and 19 were private schools, with 600 

 scholars. There were 70 Sabbath schools, with 5243 scholars ; and 

 one evening school, with 22 scholars. The Tain and Easter Ross 

 Mechanics Institution had 173 members in 1*51, and 633 volumes in 

 its library. 



Sarinyt jBanH In 1851 the county possessed two savings banks, 

 at Dingwall and Tain. The amount owing to depositors on Novem- 

 ber 20th 1853 was 632S*. 9. Irf. 



ROSSANO. [CALABRIA.] 



RO9SLKA. [FEBMAXAOR.] 



RO88TREVOK. [DowssuiBEj 



ROSTOCK. [MCKLXBDM.] 

 ROSTOV. rEHATMlWOSLAT.] 

 ROSTOW. ^YARWLAr] 



BOTHBURT, Northumberland, a market-town and the seat of a 

 Poor Law Union, in the parish of Rothbury, Is situated in 55 18' 

 N. lat, 1 54' W. long., distant 32 miles N.N.W. from Newcastle, and 

 S04 miles N.N.W. from London. The population of the township of 

 Kothtmry in 1851 was 896. The living is a rectory in the archdea- 



conry of Lindisfarne and diocese of Durham. Rothbury Poor-Law 

 Union contains 71 townships, with an area of 159,168 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 7,431. 



Rothbury occupies a pleasant retired spot in a valley on the left 

 bank of the Coquet, and consists chiefly of three wide and airy streets, 

 which contain many well-built houses. The parish church is a fine 

 old cruciform structure. The Free Grammar school and the Free 

 school for girls were endowed by Dr. Thomlinson, formerly rector of 

 the parish; the number of scholars at the grammar-school in 1854 

 was 62. In the market-place is a cross. The market on Friday has 

 almost fallen into desuetude. Fairs for horses, cattle, and sheep are 

 held on the Friday in Easter-week, Whit-Monday, October 2nd, and 

 November 1st. A county court is held. On the summit of a hill on 

 the right bank of the Coquet, is Whitton tower, one of the ancient 

 borderers' strongholds, now converted into the rectory, and surrounded 

 with plantations. In summer Rothbury is resorted to by invalids. 



ROTHENBUHO. [HESSE-CASSEL.] 



ROTHER, RIVER. [ScsSBi; YORKSHIRE.] 



ROTHERHAM, West-Riding of Yorkshire, a market-town and the 

 seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Rotherham, is situated on 

 elevated ground on the right bank of the river Don, in 53 26' N. lat, 

 1 20' W. long., distant 48 miles S. by W. from York, 159 miles N.N.W. 

 from London by road, and 172 miles by the North- Western and 

 Midland railways. The population of the town of Rotherham in 1851 

 was 6325. The living U a vicarage in the archdeaconry and diocese of 

 York. The government of the town is chieHy in the hands of 12 

 feoffees. Rotherham Poor-Law Union contains 27 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 50,591 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 88,082. 



Rotherham is a place of some antiquity. The station ' Ad Fines,' 

 on the great road from Little Chester to Castleford, is fixed by the 

 best authorities at Temple Brough about a mile from the town. 

 Rotherham probably originated early in the Saxon period. The 

 church at Rotherham was then the only ecclesiastical edifice in an 

 extensive district. A weekly market and an annual fair were held here 

 before the Conquest ; the Saxon lord of the manor had his corn-mill ; 

 and these were sufficient, with its ecclesiastical superiority, to render 

 Rotberham a place of some importance. In 1307 Edward I. granted 

 the town another market and a second fair. The parish church, a 

 very handsome edifice in the early English style, with a highly- 

 enriched central tower and spire, was built in the reign of Edward IV. 

 There are chapels in the town forWealeyan and Primitive Methodists, 

 Independents, Baptists, Roman Catholics, and Unitarians, The 

 Grammar school, which has a small endowment, had 40 scholars in 

 1853. The Feoffee's school, built in 1776, for 28 boys and 20 girls, 

 has an endowment of about 100k a year. There are also National 

 schools. A college for the training of young men for the ministry in 

 the Independent connexion, had 13 students in 1854. The town 

 posse SB tiu a dispensary, a subscription library, a news-room, a literary 

 and mechanics institution, and a savings bank. Archbishop Rotber- 

 ham, a native of the town, in 1482 founded a college for a provost, 

 three fellows, and six scholars. It was suppressed in the reign of 

 Edward VI. ; some remains of it still exist and are used as an inn. 

 The bridge-chapel on the Don has been long used as the town jaiL 

 The town is lighted with gas, well paved, and has a good supply of 

 water. Rotherham is united with Masborough on the left bank of 

 the Don by a handsome stone bridge of five pointed arches. The 

 court-boose, in which the Midsummer quarter sessions are held, was 

 built by the county in 1827. A county court is held. 



Extensive beds of coal, of a quality suitable for manufacturing pro- 

 cesses, exist in nearly every part of the parish, and iron-ore is also abun- 

 dant. In 1746 the Messrs. Walker established a work for the manu- 

 facture of cast-iron goods of all kinds ; and at the large establishments 

 which originated in their enterprise, great part of the cannon used in 

 the navy during the American and French wars was cast Masborough 

 is now the more strictly manufacturing part of the town, of which it 

 may be said to form a part There is an extensive brass-foundry. 

 Glass, earthenware, starch, soap, naphtha, and pyroligneous acid, are 

 largely manufactured. Malting is carried on, and there are two 

 breweries. Vessels of 50 tons burden are occasionally built in yards 

 adjoining the river Don. There is a flax-mill. The markets for corn 

 and cattle are held on Monday : on every alternate Monday the cattle- 

 market is one of the largest in the north of England. On Friday a 

 market is held in a covered stone building in the market-place for 

 butter, poultry, and eggs. Fairs for horses and cattle are held on 

 Whit-Monday and December 1st; and a statute fair in November. 

 The Don is connected with the Trent by the Stainforth and Keadby 

 Canal 



ROTHEKHITHE. [SCRRKT.] 



ROTHESAY, Scotland, a royal burgh in the island of Bute, and the 

 chief town of Bute County, 52 miles W. from Glasgow, hi 55 51' 

 N. lat, 5* 2' W. long. The population of Rothesay was 7014 in 1851. 

 The town is governed by a provost and 17 councillors, three of whom 

 are bailies. 



Rothesay owes its origin to a castle erected about 1098, by Magnus, 

 king of Norway. Robert III. made Rothesay a royal burgh, and 

 James VI., in 1585, further augmented its municipal privileges. It 

 was repeatedly taken and plundered by the English, the Norwegians, 



