3.:: 



ROXBURY. 



RUM-ILI. 



358 



and Roman roads were carried across it. Some stations were formed 

 by occupying the ancient forts or hill-camps of the natives, and 

 strengtheuins; and adapting them by Roman skill and labour. The 

 camp on the Eildon Hills was thus occupied. A chain of Roman posts 

 may be traced by their existing remains. One of the roads, a con- 

 tinuation of Watling-street, may be traced from the Northumbrian 

 border across tha county near Jedburgh and Mel rose, in the direction 

 of Lander. Coins, vessels of copper and brass, and other Roman 

 antiquities, have been discovered. 



On the departure of the Romans this county was attacked by the 

 Angles. The construction of the Catnil, or line of defence, formed of 

 a ditch 26 feet broad, with a rampart 10 feet high on each side of it, 

 extending from near Galashiels in Selkirkshire to Peel Fell on the 

 border of Northumberland, and stretching 18 mile* through this 

 county, is attributed to this period. Jedburgh Castle was erected in 

 the time of David I. Roxburgh Castle was of as early a date, and at 

 one time of greater importance. Hermitage Castle, near the village 

 of Castletown, was built during the reign of Alexander IL (1214-49); 

 and in following years, but especially after the aggressions of Edward I., 

 arose various cutlet, towers, and peels, of which many ruius now 

 exist. The ecclesiastical ruins, Kelso, Jedburgh, and Melrone abbey*, 

 have been noticed already. There are remarkable caves at Jedburgh, 

 Roxburgh, and Ancrum. which appear to have,been used as habitations, 

 possibly as temporary retreats during the border wan. There an some 

 remarkable remain* of walls in Ancrum parish, forming a quadrangle, 

 mcloaiug an eminence above which they rose; they are called the 

 Mullaii Wall, and are supposed to b* the remains of a building belong- 

 ing to the Knight* of Malta. Smaliholm Tower is so conspicuous as 

 to form a landmark for seamen entering Berwick harbour. 



Roxburghshire appears to have been early established a* a connty. 

 The Sheriff of Roxburgh is mentioned in the reign of Alexander I. and 

 David I. When Edward I. seized Scotland he placed this county 

 under military administration. Robert Bruce and Douglas took 

 Roxburgh Castle in 1313, and restored the former administration by 

 a sheriff. The office of sheriff afterwards became hereditary iu the 

 Douglas family, and continued so until the abolition of hereditary 

 jurisdiction*. Roxburgh Castle was taken from the English in 1460 

 by Msry of Cueldres, widow of King James IL, who had fallen during 

 the siege. Tie calamities of war ruined the town of Roxburgh, wbich 

 had in tha reign of David I. been a royal residence and the county 

 town. On it* downfall Jedburgh became, and ha* continued to be, 

 the county town. 



Staiutici. Ktltgiotu Wvnkif and Education. According to the 

 Returns of the Census in 1851 there were 87 place* of worship in the 

 county, of which 35 belonged to the Established Church, 17 to the 

 United Presbyterian Church, 16 to the Free Church, 9 to Independents, 

 4 to Episcopalian*. 8 to Baptists, 2 to Original Seoeden, and 1 to 

 Roman Catholics. In 67 of these place* of worship th* number of 

 sittings provided was 28459. There were 74 public day school* with 

 6130 scholars, and 32 private day school* with 1674 scholars. Of 

 Sabbath school* there were 77, with 44 73 scholars. Of evening schools 



for adults th-re were 3, with 196 scholars. There were 2 literary 

 institutions iu the county, with 188 members, and pneesesing 10*0 

 volumes in their libraries. 



.Satri'iif SOMES. In 1851 the county possessed two savings banks 

 at Jedbuixh and Kalso. The amount owing to depositors on November 

 ."th 1853 was 31..-.251 19*. 104 

 ItUKY. [aUsBACBuairn.] 



. [ISKBX.] 

 lEsBEX.] 



SOMMI.] 

 EBK [l-RIL-il.] 



'-' . Hertfordshire, a market-town, and the seat of a Poor- 

 Law Union, chiefly in the parish of Royston (a part of the parish and 

 town being in Cambridgeshire), is situated in 52' 3' N. lat, 

 W. long., distant 20 miles N. by K. from Hertford, 38 miles N. from 

 London by road, and 45 miles by the Great Northern and Eastern 

 Counties railways. The population of the entire parish of Royston in 

 1851 was 2061. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of 8t 

 Albans and diocese of Rochester. Royston Poor-Law Union contains 

 29 parishes and townships, with an area of 60,440 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 19,764. 



Roystqa is situated in a bottom surrounded by chalk downs. The 

 market-house is a modern building. The church was formerly the 

 conventual church of a priory of the regular canons of St. Augustine. 

 There are two chapels for Independents and one for Unitarians; 

 National, British, and Infant schools ; a girls working school ; and a 

 mechanics institute, with a library. A county court is held. The 

 principal business is malting ; a large corn trade is also carried on. 

 There are a brewery and some lime-burning works. The market is 

 on Wednesday. Five fain are held in the course of the year. 



In the town was discovered in 1742 a curious bell-shaped subterra- 

 neous cavern, supposed to have been a hermitage, 30 feet high and 

 nearly 20 feet in diameter, cut out in the solid chalk, and ornamented 

 with ru'le carving* of sacred subject*. 



.'T. [ScHWAMBfK...] 



BY, Warwickshire, a market town and the seat of a Poor- Law 



Union, in the parish of Rugby, is situated on an eminence near the 

 left bank of the river Avon, in 52 22' N. lat., 1 15' W. long., distant 

 16 miles N.E. by E. from Warwick, 83 miles N.W. from London by 

 road, and by the North- Western railway. The population of the towu 

 of Rugby in 1351 was 6817. The living is .1 lectory in the arch- 

 deaconry of Coventry and diocese of AVorcester. The parish is uuder 

 the management of a Local Board of Health. Rugby Poor-Law 

 Union contains 41 parishes aud township?, with an area of 80,755 

 acres, and a population in 1S51 of 23,477. 



Rugby bad a castle in the middle ages, of which only the earth- 

 works remain. The town is lighted with gas and paved. Tlie 

 importance of Rugby is chiefly derived from its grammar-school, 

 founded in 1567 by Lawrence Sheriff, a shopkeeper in London, who 

 was a native of the locality. The school buildings include a quad- 

 rangle, inclosing a court 90 feet long by 75 feet wide, bounded on 

 three (ides by open cloisters. The buildings are in the Elizabethan 

 style, of white brick, with the angles, cornices, and dressings to the 

 o[>emngs and windows, of Attleborough stone. The chapel contains 

 the monuments of Dr. James, formerly head-master, undt-r whom the 

 school first rose to great eminence ; of Dr. Wool, one of his successors 

 in office ; and of the late Dr. Arnold, under whose mastership, in more 

 recent time*, the celebrity of the school was coniderably augmented. 

 The school, which was attended in 1S54 by 400 boys, is under the 

 care of a bead-master and 12 assistant-masters, and has 21 exhibitions 

 of tiOt per annum, each tenable for seven ye.it s. The endowment 

 is estimated to produce 50001. per annum. Attached to the school is 

 a tine play-ground of eight acres. Kui;by parish church possesses 

 little architectural interest; it lias a square western tower. St. 

 Matthew's church was built and endowed in 1S41; a new church 

 dedicated to tlie Holy Trinity, hs just been erected. The Weslejan 

 Methodists, Baptists, and Roman Catholics have places of worship. 

 There are also the Elborow school, founded iu the 18th century by 

 Richard Elborow, Esq.; tlie Parochial schools, built in 1830; an 

 Infant scliool ; a literary institute, founded in 1847 ; a savings bank ; 

 a college for the instruction of the deaf and dumb belonging to the 

 higher ranks of life ; and two ranges of almshouses. 



Rugby holds an important place in the system of railway com- 

 munication, being the point of junction of several line* of railway. 

 The London and North- Western, the North-Midland, the I<eamint;ton 

 and Warwick, the Trent Valley, and the Rugby and Sr.nuf.ird lines 

 meet here. The North- Western station is very extensive, and has 

 recently been enlarged by additional buildings. An iron-foundry 

 gives employment to some of the inhabitants. Saturday is the 

 ordinary market-day ; a corn-market is held on Tuesday. There are 

 13 bone and cattle fain in the course of the year, one of which, held 

 in November, last* for eight days. There are two cheese and wool 

 fain. A county court is held in Rugby. The Oxford canal passes 

 near the town. 



RUOELEY. (STArroRWHiRic.l 



RUOEN, an island in the Baltic belonging to Prussia, ii included 

 in the government of Strahund and province of Pomerania. It has 

 an area of 388 square miles and a population of about 35,000. It is 

 separated from the continent by a strait a mile broad. Its sides are 

 deeply indented by the sea in various directions, so that the island 

 resembles a number of peninsulas united by a comparatively email 

 nucleus in the centra. On the eatt side the peninsula of Jatmund is 

 connected with the nucleus by a steep ridge called Prora, and by a 

 long; narrow, and high wall of flint, granite, and porphyry boulders. 

 In this peninsula is the Stubbeniu, a considerable beech-forest, con- 

 taining the Berg, or Black Lake, an oval spot surrounded with a high 

 wall, which is believed to be the place where the goddess Bertha 

 (Earth) was worshipped. (Tacitus, ' Germ.,' c. 40.) The whole island 

 abound* in grotesque and romantic scenery. On the west it is level, 

 bat rises in the interior, and the northern coasts consist iu general of 

 rugged st*p chalk cliffs. One of the most considerable eminences in 

 the island ii Mount Rugard, on which the residence of the princes 

 formerly stood. On the north point of Jasmund is the Stubben- 

 karamer, a lofty chalk cliff, which rises perpendicularly (565 feet) from 

 the sea in the moat irregular forms : a flight of 600 steps cut in the 

 rock leads down from the highest part of it to the atnnd. Jasmund 

 is connected by a narrow strip of alluvial soil with tho peninsula of 

 H't'ttesf, a level tract with a rich soil, terminating in the promontory 

 of ArlcaHM, the most northern point of Germany. Large tumuli 

 (called Hunengraber) are seen in sevenl parts. The island is tolerably 

 fertile, and produce* much corn. The number of cattle is con- 

 siderable, and the fisheries productive. Bergen, the capital of the 

 island, has about 3000 inhabitants. Ilugen is much visited for its 

 beautiful scenery, and for sea-bathing. This inland was ceded to 

 Prussia by Sweden in 1815. 



Kt'GENWALDE. [Cosus.] 



RUOLES. [ErjRB.] 



HUHRORT. fDOsSELDOHr.] 



RUM CAY. [BAHAMA*.] 



RUM, Island of. [ARQTLB8RIRE.] 



RUM-ILI, or ROUM1LI ('Country of the Romans'), a name origin- 

 ally given by the Turks to the territories which they wrested from the 

 eastern emperors. Hence Asia Minor i known in all eastern countries 

 by the name of Rum, or Roam. In the course of time the term 



