377 



RUSSIA. 



RUSSIA. 



57s 



Saratov, and St Petersburg. In Poland the woollen, linen, and leather 

 manufactures attained great prosperity under Alexander I., and the 

 cotton manufacture, with steam machinery, has been since introduced. 

 [POLAND.] The Russian workman is very clever, and imitates with 

 wonderful facility ; but as he attends mainly to external appearance, 

 his works are deficient in quality and durability. 



Among the most important branches of national industry are 

 manufactories of woollen cloths and other woollen goods, silk, cotton 

 linen of all kinds ; tanneries, tallow melting-houses, candle manufac- 

 tories, soap manufactories, and metal-wares. The central part of the 

 empire is the chief theatre of manufacturing industry. Tula alone 

 used to be mentioned for its manufactories of all kinds of metal 

 articles; it still maintains its manufacturing activity, but no longer 

 holds the first place. The government of Perm has recently become 

 very distinguished for its manufacture of metal-ware and leather. The 

 manufacture of tobacco and snuff, and beet-root suear, have greatly 

 increased in recent years. The cultivation of beet-root for the manufac- 

 ture of sugar has taken a great extension within the last twenty years. 

 In the government* of Kiew, Czornigow, Charkow, Kursk, PodolU, 

 and Volhynia, there were 307 factories in 1848 yielding 12,800 tons of 

 sugar, or about one-fourth of the consumption of the empire. This 

 manufacture, like most other Russian manufactures, is ' protected 

 by heavy import duties upon colonial sugar, the quantity of which con 

 rnmed in Russia amount* annually to only about 35,000 tons. Besides 

 the workmen employed in these great establishment*, there are above 

 two millions of hands employed in handicraft trades, and in coane 

 woollen and linen manufactures, iron and other metal wares, or in 

 preparing bast-mats, caviar, hogs'-bristles, in dressing fun, Ac. Many 

 articles such a* tables, vases, library furniture, Ac^ have been recently 

 manufactured in RnasU from malachite, or green carbonate of copper, 

 whicli is capable of a high polish. 



Commerce. The inland trade is carried on in a very great measure 

 by means of annual fairs, the most remarkable of which is that o! 

 NBCHSHI-NOVOOBOD. The principal (airs are those of Nischnei 

 Novgorod, Irbit, Romna, Charkow, Kursk, Korsun, Rostoff, Sumy, 

 Saratov, Simbirsk, Tambow, Taganrog, Jakutzk, Lebedjan, Penza, 

 Nisnhnei-Lomoft Several new fair* and weekly market* have been 

 established within the last twenty year*. The inland trade is greatly 

 promoted by the extensive system of inland navigation, by which, a* 

 above shown, the interior of the empire U able to send its products to 

 the White Sea, the Baltic, the Black Sea, and the Caspian. With the 

 exception of the road from St Petersburg to Moscow, which U one of 

 the broadest and beet in Europe, and the port-roads, which are kept 

 in tolerable repair, the highway* and cross roads in Russia are in a 

 very broken condition. The great bulk of Russian produce* however 

 is conveyed to the ports or to the depot* on the navigable riven and 

 canal* on sledges during the long winter. A railway, 400 miles long 

 and straight a* an arrow, connect* St Petersburg with Moscow. 

 Another railroad runs south from Warsaw to the Vienna-Krakow line, 

 which oonnecta the west of the empire with the Austrian and Pranian 

 railway system. These are the only railway* completed in the empire. 

 A railroad i* projected between St Petersburg and Warsaw; and a 

 line was authorised in 1853 to be made from Riga to Ounabnrg, to join 

 the St Petenburg-Wannw line. 



The principal tnuling-port* in Russia are Riga, Cronstadt, and 

 St Petersburg on the lultic; Odessa on the Black Sea; Archangel on 

 the White Sea ; and Astrakhan on the Caspian. By these chiefly the 

 corn, flax, hemp, tallow, hides, timber, and other nw product* of 

 Russia are exported and foreign produce imported. There are however 

 many smaller ports of considerable importance in the Baltic and the 

 Black Sea, Since war was declared between Russia and the Western 

 Powen in 1854, vast quantities- of Russian produce have been forwarded 

 for export by the Vistula, from the Prussian harbours of Memel and 

 Danzig, on account of the blockade of the Russian ooast* by the 

 French and English fleet* In 1852 the total export* were valued at 

 114,773,829 silver ruble* (about 3s. 4rf. each), and the imports at 

 100,864,052 silver ruble*. Of the imports, good* to the value of 

 only 18,649,447 silver rabies entered the empire by the Asiatic fron- 

 tier, which was eroesed by export* to the value of only 12,423,885 

 silver ruble*. All the rat of the trade was with European state*. 

 The total custom* receipt* of the empire in 1852 amounted to 31,1 02,789 

 silver ruble*, of which 7 per cent was absorbed by the maintenance 

 of the frontier guard. 



The total number of ship* of all nations that entered Russian ports 

 in 1862 amounted to 8655, carrying 790,300 last*, and the departures 

 to 8607, carrying 768,900 last*. Of the arrivals 3627 entered Baltic 

 port* ; 827 the White Sea ; 8929 the Black Sea ; and 272 the Caspian : 

 JOSO of them were British ships; 1125 Russian; 1072 Turkish; 660 

 Greek; 613 Dutch; 470 Swedish; 453 Sardinian; 383 Austrian; 

 380 Prussian; 361 Danish; 291 Mecklenburg; 258 Hanoverian; 186 

 French ; and 483 belonged to other nations. 



The principal articles of export are Wheat, flour, cattle, furs, 

 feathers, mat*, flax, hemp, linseed, hempseed, oil, tallow, hides, wool, 

 nii*tle, timber, metals, Ac.; linen, cordage, woollen* and cotton, 

 (die*, soap, coarse woollen cloth, exported to China, Ac. ; spirit*, 

 <W*d-*Bd salt-Ash, frtiits, honey, Ac. The principal imports are 

 rice, refined sugar, coffee, tea, wine, fruit*, raw-sugar, pearls and pr.- 

 eiou* stones, books, engraving*, furs, Ac. ; cattle and horses from Asia, 



Ac.; foreign manufactures of silk, wool, cotton, Ac.; raw cotton, 

 cotton yarn, indigo, cochineal, madder, and dye-woods. 



Jtereaue. The revenues of Russia, of which we have no recent 

 return, amount to about 400,000,000 silver rubles, of which 45,300,097 

 silver rubles were derived from the domains of the crowu. The debt 

 was, in 1853, 788,573,112 silver rubles. 



Army. The Russian army is composed of regular troops and 

 Cossaks, or irregular troops, which perform the service of light 

 cavalry. In the regular troops of the grand army the soldier engages 

 to serve for 25 years; but in general after 10 to 15 years' service he is 

 put upon the reserve, of which there are two divisions. Before the 

 outbreak of the present war, the active troops of the grand army con- 

 sisted of 96 regiments of infantry, and 64 regiments of cavalry, 33 

 brigades of horse and foot artillery, 8 battalions of sappers, and 

 4 squadrons of mounted engineers. On a war footing, the grand 

 army numbers 486,000 men, with 996 guns; the first and second divi- 

 sions of reserve number respectively 98,000 men with 192 guns, and 

 115,000 men with 280 guns, giving a total force of 699,000 men and 

 146S guns. Besides this force, the regular troops actively employed 

 for local purposes in the Caucasus, in Finland, Orenburg, and Siberia, 

 number about 198,000 men with 180 guns, over and above a reserve 

 of 100,000 men, consisting of veterans and invalided soldiers of the 

 infantry and cavalry. The Cossaks afford irregular troops to the num- 

 ber of 127,200 men, formed into 33 battalions, with 224 guns. Since 

 the war with France and England broke out, the Russian army has 

 received large additions from new levies. 



The Navy is divided into the Black Sea division and the Baltic 

 division, and consists, according to recent statements of 60 vessels 

 carrying 70 to 120 guns; 37 frigates, with 40 to 60 guns each; 70 

 corvettes, brigs, and brigautines; and 40 steamers. The fleet is 

 manned by 42,000 sailors and 20,000 marines. There are some small- 

 armed vessels in the Caspian and the Sea of Okhotsk, not included in 

 the numbers just given. 



Education. The institutions for public education are I. The public 

 schools of all daises under the minister of public instruction. These 

 are 1, the parish schools ; 2, district schools ; 3, gymnasia ; and 

 4, the universities. II. The military schools. III. The Ecclesiastical 

 schools. IV. Special schools depending on different branches of the 

 administration. Each university has three faculties philosophy, 

 jurisprudence, and medicine ; and includes within it* limits several 

 governments of the empire. The universities are those of St Peters- 

 burg, Moscow, Dorput, Charkow, Caaan, and Kiew. At Odessa there 

 are three lyoeuma. White Russia has 13 gymnasia. Many schools 

 have been founded in the Trans-Caucasian province*. The military 

 schools contain about 18,000 scholars. The ecclesiastical schools of 

 the Greek Church are above 400 in number, and contain 60,000 

 scholars. The schools of the Roman Catholics, Protestants, Ac., are 

 about 300, with 8800 scholars. The special schools, under the several 

 ministers, are above 1600 in number, and contain about 128,000 

 pupils. The government contributes about 10,000,000 rubles annually 

 to their support 



The following table, giving the popular divisions, area, and popula- 

 tion of the empire, is taken from the Baron de Haxthauaen's recent 

 work on Russia : 



In rvipect to race, the Baron gives the following approximations in 

 round numbers : 



1. Slavonic racea Russians, 49,000,000; Pole*, 6,500,000; Lithu- 

 anians anil Lettes, 2,000,000; Bulgarians and Illyrians, 500,000 : total, 



8,000,000. 



2. Other race*. Germans, 650,000; Dscian Romans (Wallaclis), 

 "50,000; Tschude*, 8,400,000; Tartars, 2,160,000; Mongols, 250,000; 



