RU8T8CHUK. 



RUTLANDSHIRE. 



ssa 



Tk. ,*wl nr u it ii offldally called, the most holy directing 



and judicial court for all eocle- 



| of the emperor M head of th Chnrob, 



dmfeirfratiou of the country fe conducted by the following 

 mtaWrUT-Minietry of the Imperbd household; foreign affairs; 

 fa.tito.flUn; war j 'marine i national education, to which ia **< 

 adminkttratioii ofthe eeoUeia*ttoal aflhlr. of thoM .act* which do 

 not belonir to the Rn*ian Church ; finance ; justice ; board of control, 

 whichaodit* tho account* of all money! expended for the public 

 Mrvtoe port ooe ; and direction of land and water communications. 

 " iroT^-rt. or province. are organued in the following 

 r 7_The head of the administration of a province ia the civil 

 r to who** department belong all the affairs of the province 

 i judicial caste. There U alao a military governor, who fre- 

 quently ha* more than one province under his jurisdiction, to whom 

 all civil and adminUtratjTe anain are referred. 



The tribunal* or oourta of appeal try civil and criminal cases, and 

 the member* of them are elected by the nobles. The conscientious 

 tribunal ie uompoeed of a chairman and two assessors elected from tho 

 nnTJea. two moennn from the merchant*, and two from the peasants. 

 Thb court bears thoee criminal cues where the crime was committed 

 more from a concurrence of unfortunate circumstances than from 

 malice. The juriediction of the court does not however apply to cases 

 of offence against the imperial person, high treason, murder, tlu-ft, 

 and robbery. There are a medical board, a board of public charities, 

 and a council called the tutelage of the nobles (which is trustee of all 

 minor* of that clan) in each government 



The town* have their separate jurisdiction, composed of the burgo- 

 maetnr and ratniann, councilman, who are elected from the merchants 

 and burghers of the town. One of the most mischievous defects in 

 the Ruaoan administration of justice and police is the insufficient pay 

 of magistral**, of whom the highest, namely, a senator, receives 1601. 

 I.TW. Bribery is the universal plague of the Russian administration. 



oem. In 1497, Ivan HI. made an order for collecting into one 

 body the existing customs and ordinances, and rendering the collec- 

 tion complete by the necessary additions. By order of Ivan the 

 Terrible, this code was (15SO) revised and completed under the name 

 of Sudebnik, or judgment-book. The Czar Alexey Michaelovich gave 

 orders (1640) for composing a general code of laws tinder the name of 

 Ulogenie (Regulation). It consists of 25 chapters, and still forms the 

 baai* of the Hu-sian law. Since that time the Russian legislation has 

 been continued by Ukases, that is, ordinances issued either in the name 

 of the monarch himself, or of the senate ; and their number from the 

 25th January, 1649, to the demise of the emperor Alexander I. was 



- 



Immediately after his accession, the late emperor Nicholas declared 

 that a systematically arranged collection of the existing laws and 

 ordinance* should become the basis of legislation. A collection of all 

 \lie law* and ordinances from 1649 till the death of the emperor 

 Alexander I. (December 1, 1825), was published in 48 volumes, 4to, 

 1827-30. It was followed in 1832-33 by a collection of the ordinances 

 of the emperor Nichohv, from his accession to 1832, in 8 vols. 4to, 

 and ia still continued. Prom the collections just named was extracted 

 the Svod Zakonow (corpus juris), which was published 1826-33, 1 5 vols., 

 and U the general law of the empire. 



KUSTSCHUK, a fortified town in Bulgaria, capital of an eyalet in 

 European Turkey, ia situated near the right bank of the Danube, 

 about 40 feet above the level of the river, 40 miles S. from Bukharest, 

 and ha* a population variously estimated at from 20,000 to 40,000. 

 The Danube opposite Rustschuk is nearly two miles wide, but its 

 surface is broken by a number of islets and shallows, and the 

 bank* are low. From a distance Ruatschuk has an agreeable appear- 

 ance, with ita white chimneys and graceful minarets rising up from 

 among the foliage of extensive orchards. This impression however is 

 removed by a view of the interior, which presents dirty ill-paved 

 treeta, flanked by low wooden houses, most of which stand in little 

 court* or gardens. The Pasha's konak, or palace, and the mosques, 

 are the only buildings worth notice. The town has baths, a bazaar, 

 and about 8000 house* ; it has also some trade with Vienna in cloth, 

 indigo, com, wine, Ac. A harbour for river craft is formed below the 

 town by a mnall recees of the river, which is sheltered towards the 

 north-cut by a cape crowned by a bastioned citadel Rustechuk is 

 commanded by height* to the south-west, on which five detached 

 buttoned earth-works have been recently thrown up. The town 

 Heelf ia surrounded by an earthen rampart, which presents eight 

 baatiooed fronte, revetted half-way up with masonry, and surrounded 

 by a moat and counterscarp. The front towards the river is irregu- 

 larly fortified. The Russian* took Rustachuk after enormous losses ol 

 men in 181 1 ; it opened ite gates to them in the invasion of 1828. Tho 

 fortified enceinte of Kuatechuk measures four miles. On the left or 

 WalUchlan bank of the Danube, opposite to Rustachuk, is Giurgtto, 

 which WM originally the fortified tcte-de-pont to Rustechuk. Ite 



the Danube U fortified. A pentagonal fort built with stone defends 

 the harbour. Beyond this fort the town of Oiurgevo i* built ; its 



enceinte present* a semicircle towards Wallachia. Qiurgevo trades 

 with Austria in the produce of tho country, and has about 7000 

 nhabiteuta. In the wars between Russia and Turkey, Giurgevo lias 

 wen frequently the scene of hard fighting between the two nations. 

 The Russians took it in 1711, and completely defeated the Turks in 

 the vicinity the same year ; they took it again in 1810. The Russians 

 occupied Qiurgevo in 1854, and were defeated by the Turks under its 

 walls on July 7 of that year. 



RUTHEROLEN. [LANARKSHIRE.] 



RUTHIN, Denbighshire, a market-town, municipal and parlia- 

 mentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated in 

 >8 7' N. lat, 3 18' W. long., distant 8 miles S.E. from Denbigh, and 

 195 miles N.W. by W. from London. The population of the parlia- 

 mentary borough of Ruthin in 1851 was 3873. The borough is governed 

 jy 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom is mayor; and is 

 contributory to the borough of Denbigh in returning one member to 

 ;he Imperial Parliament. The living is a wardensliip, with a rectory 

 annexed, in the archdeaconry of Merioneth and diocese of Bangor. 

 Ruthin Poor-Law Union contains 21 parishes and townships, with aii 

 area of 92,853 acres, and a population in 1851 of 16,853. 



Ruthin is situated on the summit and slope of a considerable hill, at 

 the foot of which flows the Clwyd. The town appears to have grown 

 up gradually around the castle, which was built by Roger Gray, to 

 whom Edward I. granted nearly the whole of the vale of Clwyd. The 

 castle stood on tlie western slope of the hill towards the river. General 

 Mytton took the castle for the parliamentarians, after which it was 

 dismantled. It appears to have been a capacious and lofty building. 

 A new gothic castellated edifice, presenting a very fine appearance, 

 lias been erected on the site of the ancient castle, by Frederick R. 

 West, Esq., M.P. for the Denbighshire boroughs. The round towers 

 of the ancient castle remain. The town is lighted with gas. The 

 summit of the hill is occupied by the market-place, to which the 

 principal streets lead. The county-hall or court-house is the finest 

 building for judicial purposes in North Wales. The county prison is 

 well built. The church is the choir of the conventual church of a 

 community of Bonhommes (suppressed in 1310), and afterwards 

 rendered collegiate. The roof of the present church ia admired for 

 its curious workmanship. Part of the cloisters have been converted 

 into a residence for the warden of Christ's Hospital The Wealeyan 

 Methodists, Welsh Independents, Baptists, and other Dissenters, have 

 places of worship. Dr. Gabriel Goodman, whose monument is in the 

 church, founded, in 1592, Christ's Hospital for a warden and 12 decayed 

 housekeepers. The warden has the government of the Free school, 

 which was also founded and endowed by Dr. Goodman. It is under 

 the care of a head-master and two other masters, and is accounted one 

 of the best schools in North Wales. In 1854 the number of scholars 

 was 30. A lending library is attached to it ; and there are also con- 

 nected with the school several exhibitions. The school and hospital 

 constitute the ' Wardeuship of Christ's Hospital in Ruthin.' In the 

 town are National and British schools, a young men's library, and a 

 savings bank. A soda-water manufactory has been carried on suc- 

 cessfully for several years. The market for corn is held on Monday, 

 that for meat on Saturday ; six fairs are held in the year. The assizes 

 for the county are held at Ruthin : the quarter sessions are held 

 alternately at Ruthin and Denbigh. A county court is held. 



RUTLANDSHIRE, an inland county of England, is bounded N. 

 and N.E. by Lincolnshire, S.E. and S. by Northamptonshire, and W. 

 by Leicestershire; and lies between 51 31' and 52 46' N. lat, 23' 

 and 49' W. long. Its greatest length from north-east to south-west 

 is nearly 20 miles ; its greatest breudth at right angles to the length 

 is 16 miles. The area is 150 square miles, or 95,805 statue acres : 

 the population in 1841 was 21,302 ; in 1851 it was 22,983. In area 

 and amount of population, it is far below tho rest of the English 

 counties. 



Surface, Geology, Hydrography, and Communications. The north- 

 eastern part of the county consists of a somewhat elevated plain or 

 table-land, skirted on the southern side by the valley of the Wash, 

 which opens on the west into the more expanded vale of Catmoss. 

 The rest of the county consists of valleys whose general direction is 

 east and west, divided from each other by narrow ranges of low hills. 

 There are no very elevated points in the county; Manton, between 

 Oakham and Uppingham, is said to be the highest. 



The county is included in the district occupied by the lower forma- 

 tions of the oolitic series. The great oolite forms the north-eastern 

 table-land above mentioned, and occupies also the higher ground on 

 the southern side of the county frotn Stamford to within two miles 

 of Uppingham : the prevailing rock is a close-grained buff limestone 

 clouded with blue. The remainder of the county is occupied by the 

 red or reddish-brown ferruginous sands which separate the groat 

 oolite from the subjacent lias. These are covered in many pluces, 

 especially near their junction with the lias, which takes place just on 

 tho north-western border of tho county, by vast accumulations of 

 transported blocks of gravel There are quarries of good building- 

 stone at Ketton, between Stamford and Uppingham, just on the border 

 of the district occupied by the great oolite. 



Rutlandshire belongs chiefly to the basin of the Wash. The Welland, 

 one of the rivers flowing into the actuary of the Wash, skirts the 

 county between Rockingham and Stamford, separating it throughout 



