8T.-DBNIS. 



SALAMIS. 



400 



8T.-DENIS. [Bou*o, bu or.) 



8T.-DID1EK. [MA**!, HAOTB,] 



BT.IHtXAT. 



8T.-K3PRIT. 



8T.-FIXHIR. 



ST. FRANCIS, RIVER. (CAKABA.] 



ST-OENIEZ-DK-IllVE-D'OLT. 



ST.-GEN1S-LAVAU [Raft**.] 



ST. GEORGE. [AZORES; BERMUDAS.] 



8T.-OHISLAIN. [HAMADLT.] 



ST.-OILLES. [GARD.) 



ST. HELEN'S. fUwc 



ST. Hfcl.lr.lt. [JKR8ET.] 



ST.-H11.AIRE. [ADD!.] 



ST. HYACINTH. [CASADA.] 



ST. IVES. (IvM.ST.1 



ST.-JEAN-D'ANOELY. [CIIABENTE-INFBBIKORE.] 



8T.-JEAN-DE-BOURNAY. [!SEUE.] 



8T.JEAN-DE-LUZ. [PTRENEES, BASSES.] 



ST.JEAN-UE-VERGT. [DOBDOONE.] 



ST. -J KA X-KX-ROYANS. [DRdME.] 



ST.-JEAX I'lKU-DE-PORT. [PTRENEKS, BASSES.] 



ST. JOHN, RIVER. [CANADA.] 



ST. JOHN'a [AKTionA; NEWFOUNDLAND.] 



ST. JOHN'S, Weardale. [DURHAM.] 



ST. MARY CRAY. [KENT.] 



ST. MARY'S. [AZORES.] 



ST. MAURICE, RIVER. [CANADA.] 



ST. MICHAEL'S. [AZORES.] 



ST. NEOT-a fNKor's, ST.] 



ST. OSYTH. [ESSEX.] 



8T.-PAPODL. [ADDE.] 



i'AUL. [MINNESOTA.] 



ST.-P1ERRE-LES-CALAIS. [ PAS-DE-CALAIS.] 

 ST.-l'i iL-DE LEON. [FINISTEBE.] 

 ST.-1*OLTEX. [ENS.] 

 ST.-REMY. fPuT-DK-D6ME.] 

 ST. SALVADOR. [BAHAMAS.] 

 ST. SAMPSON, Harbour. [GUERNSEY.] 

 ST.-SERN1X. [AVETBON.] 

 8T.-THEGONNEC. [FiNiSTERE.] 

 ST.-VALLIER. [DR6MB.] 

 SAIXTEFOY-LE-GRAND. [OiRONDB.] 

 8AINTE-GENEVIEVE. [AVETRON.] 



SA 1 XTE-MARIE. or ST. MARY'S ISLAND. [MADAGASCAR.] 

 SAINTE MARIE-AUX-MINES. [RniN, HAUT.] 

 SAINTE-MARIE-D'OLORON. [PYRENEES, BASSES.] 

 8AINTE-MEXEHOULD. [MABNE.] 

 8AINTE-MERE-EGLISE. [MAKCHK.] 



[*.* Many other names of places beginning with 'Saint' will be 

 found arranged according to the following part of the name.] 

 8AINTES. [CnARENTE-lNFERIEURE.] 



SAINTONQE, a province of France, lying on the coast of the 

 Atlantic. It was bounded N.W. by the little province of Aunis, from 

 which it was in one part separated by the Charon te; N.E. by Poitou ; 

 E. by Angoumois, or Angoumais ; S. and S.W. by Le Bordelais, or 

 Guyenne Proper, from which it was separated by the Gironde ; and W. 

 by the ocean. It waa united with Angoumois into one military govern- 

 t ; and the district of Brouageais, which extended along the sea- 

 t between the Charente and Gironde, was detached from it, and 

 jxed to the government of Aunis, so as to deprive Saintongo of its 

 maritime character. Saintonge was divided into Haute and Basse, 

 or Upper and Lower, separated from each other by the Charente. 

 Saintouge u now comprehended in the department of Charente- 

 Infi-rieure, except a Tery small part which is included in the depart- 

 ment of Charente. [CHABENTE; CHAHENTE-INFERIEURE.] 



The province obtained it* name from the Celtic people, the Santones 

 or Swituni, by whom in Ctmar's time it was inhabited. It formed 

 part of the Roman province of Aquitanb, and afterwards fell into the 

 hands ucoeauvely of the Visigoths and the Franks, and was included 

 in the duchy of Aquitaine, afterwards Quienue. 



8 A 138 AC. [AUDE.1 

 ' SAKARIYEH. RIVER. [ASATOLIA.] 



SALA. [SWEDES.] 



8ALAGNAC. [CBEUZE.] 



SALAMANCA, a city of Spain, capital of the modern province of 

 Salamanca, which is included in the ancient province of Leon. It is 

 situated in 41* 6' N. lat., 6' 43' W. long., on the north bank of the 

 Tonne*, which ia here crowed by a stone bridge resting on 27 arches 

 solidly built on Roman foundations. Salamanca is about 130 miles 

 W.N.W. from Madrid, and 120 miles a by E. from the city of Leon. 

 It U the see of a bishop. The population in 1845 was 12,870. 



The city U built on rocky and elevated ground, in the form of a 

 hnfMthon, with the curve sweeping round to the north. It is sur- 

 rounded by i wall, and entered by 1 8 gates. That portion of the wall 

 which overlooks the river is very ancient The streets are steep, 

 narrow, crooked, and dark, mostly consisting of old stone houses, 

 among which are some large and stately residences of the old nobility. 



The western portion is mostly in ruins, as it was left by the French 

 on their retreat from the city in 1812. The whole place has an antique 

 and venerable look, but is dull and cheerless. There are several public 

 squares and a few fountains, but the main supply of water is from the 

 river. The Plaza Mayor is a vast square, the largest in Spain, with 

 an arcade, or piazza, of 90 arches supported on columns. It was 

 constructed in 1700-1733. This Plaza contains the town-hall (casa del 

 ayuntamiento) and the post-office. It is occasionally fitted up as a bull- 

 arena (plaza de toros), when it can accommodate 16,000 to 20,000 

 spectators. 



Salamanca contains two cathedrals. The old cathedral is a building 

 of the 12th century, simple and massive. The new cathedral, which 

 is close to the old one, is a splendid specimen of the florid gothic. 

 It was begun in 1513, and was not completed tiU 1731. The grand 

 entrance-portal is covered with statues and ornamental carving, and is 

 exceedingly beautiful. The two towers are of later date, and of 

 inferior architecture. The interior is divided into a nave and side- 

 aisles, the nave being 130 feet high, and the aisles 80 feet The length 

 of the cathedral is 378 feet, and the width 181 feet. Besides the two 

 cathedrals Salamanca contains 24 parish churches, which exhibit 

 various styles of architecture, mostly gothic. In 1791, when Mr. Town- 

 send was at Salamanca ('Journey through Spain'), there were 27 parish 

 churches, with 15 chapels; 39 convents, of which 16 were nunneries; 

 and 25 colleges. In the course of the three years during which the 

 French held possession of the city, they destroyed about 20 of the 

 convents, and about the same number of the colleges, partly in order 

 to construct fortifications for the defence of the city, and partly to use 

 the timber for fire-wood. 



During the middle ages Salamanca acquired great celebrity by its 

 university, one of the first in Europe. It was founded in 1200 by 

 Alfonso IX. of Leon, and afterwards in 1239 extended by Alfonso X., 

 who incorporated with it that of Palencia. It soon rose into import- 

 ance, and its professors became eminent in Europe by their acquaint- 

 ance with the Arabian writers on medicine and philosophy, and through 

 them with the writings of the Greeks. It remained however stationary 

 during the 15th century ; and whilst sound science was spreading 

 throughout the rest of Europe, very little was taught here except 

 medicine and dogmatic theology. The number of students in the 14th 

 century amounted to 14,000. In the 16th century the number had 

 diminished to 7000. It continued to languish till the French invasion, 

 since which it has been comparatively deserted. The students are 

 now about 600. The university buildings consisted of 4 superior 

 colleges (colegios mayores) and a library, which still remain ; and 21 

 smaller colleges, which are all or nearly all destroyed. The college of 

 San BartolomcS is the oldest of the collegios mayores, and is thence 

 called El Colegio Viejo (the Old College). It was modernised about 

 1767. The Colegio de Cuenja was an exquisite specimen of the cinque- 

 cento .style, but only a small part of it remains. The Colegio do 

 Santiago, usually called El Colegio del Arzobispo, was begun in 1521, 

 and is also of the best period of the cinque-cento style. The Colegio 

 del Rey (King's College) was commenced in 1625. The quadrangle is 

 Doric. The Jesuits had also a college, which was built by them in 

 1614. It consists of two wings each 200 feet long, and three stories 

 high. When the Jesuits were expelled from Spain, one wing was 

 appropriated to the students of the Bishop's Seminary, and the other 

 to the Irish Catholic clergy, who were then educated here. One wing 

 is still used as a clerical seminary, and the other as an Irish mission- 

 school. The facade of the Library of the University is of the period 

 of Ferdinand and Isabella, and is a rich specimen of the decorative and 

 heraldic style. The Library contains about 25,000 volumes. The 

 Dominican convent of San Esteban, which still remains, was one of 

 the finest structures of enriched gothic in Spain. The fagade and 

 portal are full of elaborate details of great beauty, and the church 

 belonging to the convent is also a noble building. The French made 

 a magazine of the church, and converted the cloisters into stables. 



The manufactures of Salamanca consist of common cloth, hats, 

 leather, earthenware, and a few other articles. 



The battle of Salamanca took place on July 22, 1812, between the 

 British under Wellington and the French under Marmont. Tho 

 French had abandoned the place on the first attack by the allies ; but 

 Marmont, having received reinforcements, advanced against the British 

 line, and after various movements the battle took place near the 

 heights of Arapiles, a short distance from the city. The French com- 

 mander having imprudently extended his left wing too far, Wellington 

 took advantage of his error, and the enemy was defeated with 

 great loss. 



Under the Romans, Salamanca was a muuicipium of the province 

 of Lusitania. The Romau name was Salmantica. It does not seem 

 to have been of much importance during the Romau domination in 

 the peninsula. 



(Ford, Handbook of Spain; Madoz, Diccionnario Geogmfico tie 

 Espaiia ; Townsend, Travels in Spain.) 



SALAMANCA. [MEXICO.] 



SA'LAMIS, now Koluri, is a small island adjacent to the coast of 

 Attica. It forms the southern boundary of the beautiful Bay of 

 Eleusis, and ia only separated from the mainland, at the eastern and 

 western extremities respectively, by a narrow winding channel. The 

 bay is surrounded on the west, north, and east by the high land of 



