401 



SALAYER ISLAXDa 



SALISBUKY. 



tea 



Attica, of which the northern shore of Salamis seems like a continu- 

 ation, and thus the bay has the appearance of a large lake. The two 

 chanuelg bave deep water, and a Teasel may enter the Bay of Eleiuis 

 through them with any wind. 



The form of the island is very irregular. It greatest length from 

 north to south is about ten miles, and the longest line that can be 

 drawn m the island, from about east to west, is a little more ; but the 

 area is probably not above fifty square miles. It produces good honey. 

 There is only one stream in the island, which enters the sea on the 

 south-west coast, and is probably the Bocaros, or Bocalias, of Strabo. 

 The village of Koluri, which is situated on the shore of the deep Bay 

 of Koluri, on the west side of the island, with two other Tillages called 

 Mulki and Ambelikia (Tineyards), and a convent, are the inhabited 

 places on the island. 



The old city of Salamis, which was deserted in the time of Strabo, 

 stood on the south coast opposite to .Egina; but the city Salamis 

 of Stnbo's time was on the small Bay of AmbeUkia, and near the 

 peninsula which projects from the eastern part of the island to the 

 shorts of Attica, and terminates in Cape Cynosure. (Herod., viii. 76.) 

 About midway between this peninsula and the Piraeus, bnt not exactly 

 in the strait leading to the Bay of Eleusis, is the small ixlsncl of 

 Psyttaleia, now Ljpsoknt&i, which makes a conspicuous figure in the 

 battle of Salamis. (Herod., Tiii. 95.) 



The ancient names of Salamis were Sciras and Cychreia, derived 

 from ancient heroes. It was also called Pityussa, from the pines that 

 grew in it. In Homer the island is only called Salamis, a name said 

 to be derived from Salamis, the mother of Asopus. About the time 

 of Solon and Pisistratus there was a dispute about the island between 

 Megaris and Attica, which terminated in favour of Attica, and from 

 that time the island became one of the Attic demi. In the time of 

 Paosanias the city was in a ruined state, but he could trace the 

 remains of the agora, and there was a temple of Ajaz with a statue 

 of ebony. 



The gnat event in the history of Salamis is the naval battle fought 

 RI . 480, between the combined Grecian fleet and the Persian fleet 

 under Xerxes. The battle took place chiefly in the eastern strait, 

 which, being a contracted space, was very unfavourable to the enormous 

 fleet of the Persians. The Persian king saw the battle from the Attic 

 bad his seat at the foot of : 



coast, where he had his seat at the foot of Moot Jiftleos, with his 

 secretaries by his side to register the events of toe action. (Herod., via. 

 ML) The remit was the complete defeat of the Persian armament. 



(Herodotus, Tiii. ; .Eschylos, Pent; Strabo, p. 33 ; Pausanias, i. 35; 

 Leake, O tie Dtmi of Attu*.) 



.AYER ISLANDS are a small group in the Indian Archipelago, 

 situated between S' 4V and 6* W S. 1st, 120* and 121 E. long. The 

 group consist* of an island about 80 mile* long, with an average width 

 of 8 miles, and several smaller islands. The smaller islands are 

 uninhabited, with the exception of two called Bonaratte and Calauwo. 

 The principal Uland i* divided from Cape fim-D in Celebes by a 

 strait about 8 miles wide. In the strait there are three small rocky 

 islands, called the Badjeroona, which are uninhabited. 



A ridge of high bills traverses the island from north to south, and 

 demands to the east and west with a rapid slope. These hills are 

 entirely covered with wood, and abound in deer. Along the base of 

 the hills there are tracts of low. land, which are carefully cultivated. 

 They produce several route and grains common in the archipelago, 

 but especially botte, a kind of millet, which constitutes the chief 

 article of food of the inhabitants. Cotton is also grown to a great 

 extent Among the trees there are several kinds of palms, and also 

 the tallow-tree, the substance obtained from which is need for burning, 

 as it is in China, The inhabitants, who are stated to amount to about 



nfacture 



Malays, and apply themselves to agriculture, and the 

 i of coarse cotton stuns. The island is divided among 



SALEKNO.an arehiepiscop 

 pital of the province of P 

 a-ooast, at the bead of th 



several petty princes, who are dependent on the Dutch at Mscisssr. 



8ALCOMBE. [Divommi.] 



SALEM. [HiiiDUSTAS; MXACIH:SBTT; NiwjKBRv; OBEOO*.] 

 ' city in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 

 xdpeto Citra, is finely situated on the 

 the Gulf of Salerno, and surrounded by a 

 beautiful tract of country at the southern foot of the chain of the 

 Apennines, in 40* 44' M. 1st, 14* 46' E. long., 30 miles S.E. from 

 Maples, and has about 12,000 inhabitants. The city is old and irregu- 

 larly built, with narrow and dirty streets, but contains a few good 

 buildings, such as the cathedral and the governor's palace. The 

 Marina, or quay, which was constructed by the French, is a mile in 

 length, and forms a fine promenade. The harbour, which was com- 

 menced by John of Procida for Manfred in 1260, and enlarged and 

 completed under Robert the Wise, is now almost useless in consequence 

 of the accumulation of sand : only small craft can enter it The ruins 

 of the old Greek or Lombard citadel, which was taken by Robert 

 Guiscaril after a siege of eight months, crowns a lofty bill above the 

 city. Salerno has a Ivcciim which grants academical degrees, a 

 court of justice for the province, a theatre, and many churches and 

 convent*. The cathedral, the most remarkable structure in Salerno, 

 rebuilt By Robert Onboard in 1084 on the site of a former cathedral 

 destroyed by the Saracens, is dedicated to St. Matthew. It is adorned 

 with columns of porphyry and verde-antique, mosaics, bas-reliefs, and 

 other ancient works of art, brought by its founder from the temple of 



' WO. D1V. VOL. IT. 



Psestum. Round the inclosure of the quadrangle are fourteen ancient 

 sarcophagi. The bronze doors were erected in 1099. The interior, 

 which is modernised, contains many of the works of art just alluded 

 to, and also many pieces of excellent sculpture, besides two pulpits 

 and an archiepiscopal throne of rich mosaic work. But it is more 

 celebrated for the tombs which it contains than for its works of art. 

 Among these are the tombs of several descendants of the Norman 

 dukes of Apulia, and the monument of Pope Gregory VII., who died 

 in Salerno the guest of Robert Guiscard in 1085 : this monument was 

 restored in 1578. The crypt beneath the cathedral is celebrated for 

 containing the body of St. Matthew, which is said to have been brought 

 here from the east in 930. It also contains the tomb of Margaret of 

 Anjou ; and three ancient sarcophagi, which inclose the remains of 

 archbishops, and are adorned with bas-reliefs. An annual fair for native 

 and foreign goods and for cattle is held at Salerno in the month of 

 September, and is resorted to by the merchants from Naples, and by 

 vast numbers of the peasantry. 



Salerno (ancient Salernum) seems to hare been founded by the 

 Phoenicians. It early came into the hands of the Greeks. Under 

 the Romans it was an important city, and was much frequented for 

 the beauty of its environs during the empire, when it became a Ronmii 

 colony. The Goths took it in the 6th century ; soon after the Lom- 

 bards made themselves masters of the city, which became the residence 

 of the dukes of Benovento. It was taken from the Lombards by the 

 Saracens A.D. 905. In A.D. 920 the Greek emperor dispossessed the 

 Saracens, but the city seems to have been recovered by the Lombard 

 princes, from the last of whom (Gisulph) the city was wrested by 

 Robert Guiscard in the llth century. From this time it became the 

 chief seat of the Norman power south of the Apennines. Roger II., 

 duke of Apulia, was elected king of Naples and Sicily by an assembly 

 of barons held in Salerno A.D. 1130. In 1193 the city was sacked and 

 destroyed by the emperor Henry VI. The town had recovered in the 

 following century. Ever since the foundation of the monarchy it has 

 been annexed to the crown of Naples, and it confers the title of prince 

 upon the heir-apparent to the throne of the Two Sicilies. The city 

 of Salerno was famous from very early times for its university and 

 school of medicine, which was protected and flourished most under 

 the Norman princes. The university, probably the most ancient in 

 Europe, existed till 1817, when it was replaced by the lyceum. 



8ALFORD. rMANcuESTiu.] 



8ALIAN. [KDR.] 



SALIBUBO ISLAND. [MOLUCCAS.] 



8ALIES. PvRKicfeBS, BASS**.] 



SALINE. [LlPAU kLARDD.] 



SALINS. [Ji-BA, Department of.] 



SALISBURY, or NEW SARUM, the capital of Wiltshire, au 

 episcopal city, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat 

 of a Poor Law Union, is situated on the Great Exeter road, at the 

 junction of the rivers Avon, Wily, and Bourne, in 51 5' N. lat, 

 1* 48' W. long., distant 82 miles W.8.W. from London by road, and 

 94 miles by the Salisbury branch of the South- Western railway. The 

 municipal borough is co-extensive with the parliamentary : the popu- 

 lation in 1851 was 11,657. It is governed by 6 aldermen and 18 

 councillors, one of whom is mayor ; and returns two members to the 

 Imperial Parliament. The city comprises three parishes, the livings 

 of which are in the archdeaconry and diocese of Salisbury. For Poor- 

 Law purposes Salisbury is managed under a local act ; that part of 

 the borough which is affected by the act comprises an area of 480 

 acres, with a population in 1851 of 8930. 



This city had its origin in the 13th century, when the bishop and 

 canons of the cathedral of Old Sarum [WILTSHIRE], in consequence 

 of a feud with the captains of the fortress, commenced a new church 

 on lands belonging to the see. The inhabitants of Old Sarum followed 

 their clergy, and New Sarum, or Salisbury, rose into existence. 

 Henry III., made it ' a free city,' and gave to the inhabitants a fair 

 and a market ; in the succeeding reigns several parliaments were held 

 in it. The city was fortified by a wall and ditch ; and the erection of 

 a bridge over the Avon at Harnham brought to it the great western 

 road which had previously passed through Old Sarum. The borough 

 bat returned members to Parliament from the 23rd year of the reign 

 of Edward I. 



The city occupies part of a peninsula formed by the river Avon 

 on the west and south, and by the river Bourne on the east. The 

 suburb of Fisherton Anger, which forms part of the borough, 

 is on the left bank of the Avon, at the confluence of the Wily. 

 At the suburban village of Harnham, the Dorchester and Exeter 

 road crosses the Avon by a bridge of 10 arches. There are two 

 other bridges over the Avon. The principal part of the city lies imme- 

 diately to the north of the cathedral close, and consists of several 

 regular streets, forming a series of squares called chequers, the interior 

 of which is laid out in courts and gardens. Most of the houses are 

 of brick, of comparatively modern erection. The streets are well 

 paved, lighted with gas, and drained by brooks let in by floodgates 

 from the Avon through the principal streets. The cathedral close, a 

 miadow of half a square mile in area, is entered by three ancient 

 gates, and the open space around the cathedral adds much to the 

 imposing beauty of the edifice, whiuh for sice and for uniformity and 

 purity of itjle is one of the finest ecclesiastical structures in England. 



In 



