8ALZVVEDEL. 



SAMNIUM. 



408 



in Europe, A stream called the Alberbaoh flows 

 them tli* racks are of white marble. Two fine riding schools, 

 for UM summer, and one for the winter, are attached to the 

 .^Mf, There are many other building* that deserve notice, for 

 ( MUOTT ,,, of the 26 ehurche*, the palace of Mirabel!, and the church 

 of 81 Bobarthm both rebuilt since the fire of 1818, which destroyed 

 nut of the city. In the churchyard of St. Sebastian is the grave of 

 pKraosUus, who died here A.D. 1541. A bronze statue of Mozart (a 

 Mil** of Salzburg) by Schwanthaler is erected in the centre of the 

 Michaels- HsU. Saliburg is rich in Roman antiquities, including 

 baths and fine mosaics. The fortress of HohensaUa, commanding the 

 town, from which there is a most interesting prospect, is now used as 

 a barrack. There are in the town one military and three civil hospitals, 

 an hospital for incurable patients,' several schools, and many other 

 useful and charitable institution.*. The inhabitants, about 13,000 in 

 number, manufacture calicoes, leather, and hardware. Two large fairs 

 re held annually in the town, which has au important transit trade 

 between the eastern Austrian provinces and Bavaria, and between 

 Bavaria and Italy. The environs of Salzburg embrace a. great variety 

 of grand and picturesque scenery. 



SAL/WEUEL. [MAODOC**] 



SAM Alt. [PHlLiPPlSHS.] 



SAMARA. [SIMBIRSK.] 



8AMARANO. [JAVA.] 



8AMAKCAXD. [BOKHARA.] 



SAMARIA. [PALESTINE.] 



SAMBA WA, or SUMBAWA. [SuKDA ISLANDS, Lesser.] 



SAMBOR. [G ALICIA, Austrian.] 



SAMBKE. [AissB ; MECSE.] 



SAMEN MOUNTAINS. [ABYSSINIA.] 



SAMPORO, a hundred in the county of Suffolk, which has been 

 constituted a Poor-Law Union. The hundred of Samford is bounded 

 N. by Bosmere and Clnydou hundred, E. by the river Orwell, S. by 

 the river Slour, and W. by the hundred of Cosford. The hundred and 

 union comprise 2S parishes, with an area of 50,230 acres, and a popu- 

 lation in 1851 of 12,493. 



SAMNIUM, or territory of the Samuites, an ancient nation of central 

 Italy, comprised an extensive tract of country on both sides of the 

 central ridge of the Apennines, including the valleys of the Vulturnus, 

 Tamarus, and Calor, towards the Tyrrhenian Sea, and those of the 

 Sams, Tifernns, Trinius, and Freuto, towards the Adriatic, and corres- 

 ponding to tho present provinces of Sanuio and Principato Ultra, and 

 parts of Terra di Lavoro, and of Abruzzo Citra, in the kingdom of 

 Naples. It was bounded N. by the Peligui and Marruciui, and by the 

 Adriatic, for the Frcutaui, who extended along the coast of that eea, 

 formed part of the Samnito confederation, and were also of Sabiue 

 origin; E. by Apulia and Lucauia; S. by the Campanians, being 

 divided from the latter by the ridges of Tifata and Taburnus ; and 

 W. by Latiuin and the country of the Marei. The Samuites were 

 originally a colony of the Sabini, which migrated in remote times, 

 probably before the building of Rome, to the banks of the V ulturn.ua 

 and the Tamarus, and thence spread on one side as far as the plains 

 of Apulia, and on the other to those of Campania. They were an agri- 

 cultural and pastoral people, and as their numbers increased beyond 

 the means of subsistence, they followed tho custom of their Sabiue 

 ancestors, and sent forth colonies, which were the origin of the 

 Lucanians, who gradually extended as far as the southern extremity 

 of the peninsula. The Samnites were divided into several nations or 

 tribes, known by the names of Pentri, Caudiui, Caraceni, Hirpini, and 

 Frentani, the three first of which inhabited the country designated by 

 the name of Sabini urn Proper, having the Frentaui on the north, and 

 the Hirpini to the south-east. Their principal towns were : Bovianum, 

 the head town of the Pentri (Livy, ix. 31), near the modern Bojano, at 

 the foot of the lofty Mount Matese, near the source of the Tifernus ; 

 part of the walls, formed of irregular polygonal atones, still remains. 

 BovUnnm was entirely destroyed by an earthquake in the 9th century ; 

 iU site is covered with a marshy alluvial soil, in which ancient remains 

 have been found. The modern Bojano stands on a rocky hill, one of 

 th lowest oftshoota of Mount Matese. Jlscrnia, now hernia, on the 

 opposite or western aide of the Matese ridge. AUifce, south of 

 AJernia, in the valley of the Vulturnus. The modern Alife, which 

 occupie. the ancient site, still gives title to a bishop. The ancient 

 walls, gates, and many other vestiges of antiquity, including ruins of 

 theatre, amphitheatre, and baths, still remain. Maluentum, after- 

 ward* called Beneventum. [BiNEVENTO.] Caudium, long since 

 destroyed, stood on the Appian Way, near the little river Isclero 21 

 Roman mile* from Capua, and 11 miles from Beueventum. It gave 

 name to the pass or passes called Furcula Caudimo, where the Sammies 

 compelled UM Roman army to pas* under the yoke, ac. 321. Adanum, 

 in the country of the Hirpini ; iU remains are within a mile of Mira- 

 Wla, at a place oiled Le Grotte, on the high road from Naples to 

 Puglia, If ear this place are the celebrated Amsaneti Lakes, of which 

 Virgil gire. * fine description (' .En.,' vil 563). Tdaia, now Telese, 

 naar the bank* of the river Galore. Avfidena, or Alfidcna, the chief 

 town of the Caraceni, on a hill above the left bank of the Sagrus or 

 Sangro, 5 miles above Castol de Sangro. The remains of its massive 

 t to have been a fortress of great strength. A village 

 called AlOdnia perpetuates the name, but does not stand on the ancient 



site. Tauratium, on the river Calore, where there are considerable 

 remains, and several sepulchral inscriptions near the modern village of 

 Taurasi. Pyrrhus was hero defeated by Curius Dentatus. IV 

 now Couza, in a strong position near one of the sources of the Autidux 

 or Ofaiito. Hannibal occupied it immediately after the battle of 

 Cannto (B.C. 210) and deposited in it his baggage and plunder. It was 

 a municipal town under the empire, and continued to be a place of 

 strength and importance in the middle ages. In the lOih century it 

 became the seat of an archbishop, which it still is, although the 

 modern town of Conza has no more than 1200 inhabitants. <S/ 

 in the mountains east of Bovianum. Abellinum, now AVELI.INO. 

 Larinum, commonly placed in the country of the Frentaui, seems to 

 have had an independent territory, comprising the country between 

 the Tifernus (Biferno) and the Frento (Fortore). It continued to 

 exist till A.D. 842, when it was ravaged by the Saracens, and the tite 

 abandoned for one about a mile to the westward, where the modern 

 city of Larino stands. The ruins of the ancient town cover the summit 

 of a hill called Monterone, and comprise portions of the walla, one of 

 the gates, an amphitheatre, and a large building supposed to have 

 been the senate house. Ifistonium, near the site of the present town 

 of II Vasto. Anxanum, the remains of which are on a hill near the 

 town of Lanciano. Ortona, which has retained its name, aud was the 

 chief fortified town of the Frentaui. [Annuzzo.] 



The Samuites brought at various times as many as 80,000 armed 

 men into the field. Their chief strength consisted iu their infantry. 

 Their government appears to have been a kiud of aristocracy, in which 

 the priests exercised a great influence. Livy (ix. 40) describes the 

 army of the Samnites as splendidly accoutred ; and (x. 40) he speaks 

 of two millions of pounds weight of coined copper taken from them 

 by the younger Papirius ; all which shows that the Samuites were no 

 longer a rustic people. But they never became effeminate and corrupt 

 like the Campanians, and they retained to the last their character for 

 hardiness, perseverance, aud devotedness to their country. Each of 

 the nations of Samnite race had its owu independent government, its 

 magistrates, and its comitia. The chief magistrate of each nation 

 was styled Meddix Tuticus, an Oscau denomination, as the Samuitos 

 appear to have spoken a dialect of the Osean, and to have used Oscaii 

 characters. It was only in cases of urgent necessity, such as resistance 

 to a common invader, that the various Samnite states acted iu concert, 

 and then only for a time. 



Between the years 410 and 423 B.C., the Samnites attacked tho 

 Etruscans, who had settled ill the plains of the Osci or Opici about 

 half a century before, and who had founded or colonised Vulturaum. 

 This town the Samuites took and named Capua. (Livy, iv. 37.) 

 [CAPUA.] About B.C. 340 the first war broke out between the Sam- 

 nites and the Romans. After defeating the Sidicini, who were aided 

 by the Campanians of Capua, the Samnites overran the Campanus 

 Ager, and laid siege to Capua. The Campauians then sent ambassa- 

 dors to the Roman senate to ask for aid against their formidable 

 enemies, to which the senate objected, that there existed a previous 

 alliance between the Samnites and Rome. The Campanian ambas- 

 sadors in despair made a solemn surrender, in the name of their 

 countrymen, of all they were possessed of to the Roman people. 

 Upon this the senate sent messengers to the Samnites to request them 

 to abstain from molesting the Campanians. The supreme council 

 of the Samnites resolutely refused compliance. The senate then 

 sent the feciales to declare war against she Samnites. Two armies 

 were ordered out one, under the consul M. Valerius Corvus, into 

 Campania, and the other, under A. Cornelius Cossus, into Samnium. 

 Valerius, after an obstinate fight, routed the Samnites, who abandoned 

 their camp in the night. The Romans acknowledged that they never 

 before met such stubborn enemies. The other consul having entered 

 the confines of Samnium by the valley of Saticula, at the foot of 

 Mount Tifata, found himself surrounded by the Samuites, who were 

 posted on the heights. A legionary tribune named Decius Mus, by 

 his intrepidity and quickness in marching up to a height yet unoccu- 

 pied by the enemy, was the means of extricating the Roman army, 

 which attacked and defeated the Samnites. A third battle took place 

 near Suessola, in the plain of Campania, in which the Samuites were 

 again defeated. The two consuls re-entered Rome in triumph. Two 

 years afterwards the consul L. ./Emilias Mamertiuua entered the 

 country of the Samnites, who sued for peace, and obtained it. 



In the year B.O. 323 a new war broke out with the Samuites, on tho 

 occasion of the Romans besieging the Greek town of Palscopolis, 

 which was garrisoned by a party of Samuites, but which the Romans 

 took by a secret understanding with the inhabitants. The Samuites 

 were joined by the Lucauians. L. Papirius Cursor, being appointed 

 dictator to carry on the war, his master of the horse, Q. Fabius 

 Maximus Rulliamis, attacked the Samnites in his absence and against 

 his orders, and defeated them ; but for this breach of discipline he 

 was condemned to death by the dictator, and only saved by the 

 interference of the soldiers and of the people of Rome. Papirius 

 himself defeated the Samnites, who asked for and obtained one year's 

 truce ; but before the expiration of the truce, the Samnites having again 

 attacked the Roman territory, the dictator, A Cornelius Arvina, with 

 M. Fabius Arnbustus, his master of the horse, was sent against them. 

 The Roman army, being surprised by the enemy in an unfavourable 

 position, after five hours' desperate fighting was in danger of being 





