411 



SAN MIGUEL DE IBARRA. 



SAN SALVADOR. 



416 



dot* to th POM'* vicar, rvfused ; and the matter being referred to a 

 Warned judge of Rimini called Palamede, be decided that the commu- 

 nity and men of San Marino were exempt from payment, having been 

 of old independent of all foreign dominion. From that time San 

 Marino ha* been acknowledged a* an independent state by the pope*. 

 When Napoleon L overthrew the papal government he respected the 

 independence of San Marino ; and in 114, when the Pope was rein- 

 staled in hfa dominion*, the freedom of the republic was confirmed. 

 The legislative power is in the bauds of a great council, formerly com- 

 posed of 300 anziaui. or elders, but now of 60 members nobles, 

 townsmen, and small proprietors in equal numbers, named for life by 

 the council itself. A committee or council of 12 is appointed from 

 among the members of Uie great council, 8 for the town and 4 for the 

 country parts. The great council also appoints two CapiUni Heggenti, 

 or regents, who are the chief magistrates of the republic, nnd hold 

 office for aii months each. Formerly the chief representative of the 

 republic was styled a Gonfaloniers, and changed every three months. 

 Then are leeretaries of state for the interior, for foreign affairs, and 

 for the finances. The administration of justice is lodged in the hands 

 of a lawyer not a native of the state, who is elected for three years ; 

 after the expiration of which term he may be re-elected once more for 

 the same period. 



SAN MIGUEL DE IBARRA. [ECUADOR.] 

 SAN MIGUEL EL GRANDE. [Mexico.] 

 8AN-MIXIATO. [KIBESZE.] 



SAN NICOLAS DE LOS AUROYES. [BuE.vos AYRES.] 

 SAN NICOLO. [CAPE VBBD ISLANDS.] 



SAN PAULO, the capital of the province of San Paulo, Brazil, 

 South America, is situated on two of the head streams of the river 

 Tiete, in the plain of Piratininga, at an elevation of 2464 feet above 

 the level of the sea, in 23 83' S. lat, 46 45' W. long. The population 

 is about 22,000, exclusive of the suburbs. San Paulo is one of the 

 oldest towns in Brazil, having been founded by a colony of Portuguese 

 in 1560. The streets are wide, and lined with houses of two stories, 

 built of ' taipa,' which is a frame- work of wood filled in with earth. 

 The public buildings are the palaces of the governor of the proviuce, 

 formerly a Jesuit college, and of the bishop ; a spacious cathedral, 

 1 2 churches, and a convent of the Carmelites ; a college, schools, &<x 

 The only manufactory is a government establishment for making fire- 

 arms. Some coarse woollen cloths and hats are made. San Paulo is 

 the general emporium of the commerce of the plain in which it stands. 

 The exports are maize, tobacco, cotton, coffee, sugar, rum, jerked 

 beef, hides, horns, and tallow ; the manufactured goods of Europe and 

 North America are imported. Santos, the port of San Paulo, is 42 

 miles S.W. from the city ; and the descent to it is so steep that nearly 

 all goods are carried on the backs of mules. 

 SAN PEDRO, Province of. [BBAZIL.] 

 SAN REMO. [Hicaj 



SAN SALVADOR, Republic of, Central America, extends along 

 the Pacific Ocean from the Bay or Gulf of Conchagua to the Kio de 

 Pat It lies between 13 10' and 14 15' N. lat, 86 45' and 89 45' 

 W. long. ; and is bounded E. by Nicaragua, N. by Honduras, W. by 

 Guatemala, and S. by the Pacific Ocean. The area is about 6S80 

 square miles. The population is about 300,000. 



San Salvador is the smallest, but, in proportion to its size, much the 

 most populous, of the republics of Central America, The surface is 

 very unequal. The main portion of the coast extends along the 

 Pacific in a generally west-north-west and east-south-east direction for 

 about 140 miles ; while on the east a smaller portion of it forms the 

 western half of the Bay of Conchagua. There are four harbours 

 Acajmla or Sonsonate, Libertad, and La Union, which are ports of 

 entry, and Jiquilisco or Triumfo de los Libres. Except La Union, 

 which is on the west shore of the Bay of Conchagua, and is extensive 

 and safe, these harbours are, properly speaking, only open roadsteads, 

 hardly accessible during the rainy season and the prevalence of the 

 oath-west winds. As far northward as Libertad the shore is bordered 

 by a narrow tract of low and generally level land from 10 to 12 miles 

 wide ; but farther north, up to Sonsonate, the coast is more elevated 

 and broken. The interior is very rugged, being broken by several 

 abort range* of mountains of moderate height, but separated into 

 distinct group*. About 12 to 15 miles from the coast, and nearly 

 parallel to it, are the five volcanoes of Apaneca, Yzalco, San Salvador, 

 Ban Vicente, and San Miguel. San Salvador and San Vicente are the 

 loftiest, being upward* of 8000 feet above the level of the sea. The 

 eruptions of San Salvador have at times been very destructive ; but 

 Yralco is by far the most remarkable, from its unceasingly active 

 condition, surpassing, it is said, in this respect, and in the impetuosity 

 of iu eruptions, any other volcano in America. Neither of the other 

 volcano** ha* exhibited other than very slight eruptions of late years. 



The rivers of San Salvador have only a short course, and are in 

 their natural (tats of little importance ; though it is asserted that 

 they might easily be rendered of great service for irrigation, and some 

 of them be made navigable for barges and other small craft Tho chief 

 river is the tempo, which rising in Esquipulas, in Guatemala, forms 

 for* short distance the boundary between Honduras and San Salvador, 

 receives the outflow from Lake Guixar, thence crosses San Salvador in 

 a southern direction, and falls into the Pacific a little to the westward 

 of the Ray of Jiquilisco. It is a deep but rapid stream, and the bar 



at its mouth prevents vessels of even moderate burden from entering 

 it The other larger streams are the Rio de Paz, at the western extre- 

 mity of the republic ; the Jiboa, which falls into the sea between the 

 Lempa and Port Libertad ; and the Sirama, or San Miguel, all of 

 which have their mouths obstructed by sand-bars. There are two 

 lakes of some size in the state. The Lake of Guixar, near the north- 

 western boundary of the state, has a circuit of about 80 miles, and U 

 one of the principal feeders of the Rio Lempa. It is said to commu- 

 nicate by a subterranean channel with the much smaller Lake of 

 Metapa, Lake Ylopango, about 6 miles E. from the city of San 

 Salvador, is about 9 miles long and 3 miles wide : its only outlet is a 

 small tributary of the Jiboa. Mineral- and thermal-springs occur very 

 numerously in various parts of the country. 



Owing to the great inequality of surface, there is considerable 

 variety of climate : as a whole, it is warmer than in Guatemala ; but 

 it is generally regarded as healthy. The hottest and least healthy 

 part is the low tract along the coast. San Salvador has great agricul- 

 tural capabilities. The soil is generally good, and in some parts 

 remarkably rich, and the climate permits a considerable variety of 

 crops to be profitably cultivated. The inhabitants are an industrious 

 race, and more skilful agriculturists than the natives of other parts of 

 Central America. Nearly all the available hind in the country is 

 appropriated to individuals, and much attention has been paid to ita 

 cultivation, though now, from the long continuance of civil dissension, 

 agriculture is in a very neglected condition. Maize is cultivated to a 

 considerable extent; wheat succeeds well only in a few places; several 

 varieties of frixoles, and most of the usual vegetables, are raised for 

 the ordinary food of the people. Oranges, lemons, pine-apples, plan- 

 tains, and various fruits are extensively grown ; sugar, cacao, coffee, 

 tobacco, and cotton succeed very well, and might, were the country in 

 u more settled state, be raised largely for exportation. Since the gold 

 discoveries in California, a very large quautity of sugar has been grown 

 in the neighbourhood of Sonsonate, chiefly for the purpose of distilling 

 rum for the Californiau market Indigo has however always been the 

 chief source of wealth to San Salvador. During the Spanish supre- 

 macy, upwards of 1,800,000 Ibs. are said to have been annually 

 exported, and though the quantity raised has greatly fallen off, it is 

 still considerable. The coast west of Point Libertad is commonly 

 known as the Balsam Coast, it being the only place where the article 

 known as the Balsam of Peru is collected. This part of the coast is 

 in the possession of the Indians, who live in five villages, have their 

 own chiefs, with a kind of municipal government, and subsist chiefly 

 on the produce of the balsam, which they collect to the amount of 

 about 15,000 to 20,0001bs. annually and dispose of in Sousonate. They 

 also cut and carry to Sonsonate a considerable quantity of cedar-trees. 

 There are large forests on the slopes of the mountains of the interior. 



Cattle are numerous, and of a good breed ; sheep do not succeed 

 very well; hogs are everywhere abundant Turkeys and fowls are 

 plentiful ; but there are few ducks and geese. An inferior kind of 

 cheese is made in large quantities ; butter is seldom made. 



The mineral wealth of the state appears to be considerable, but it 

 has been very imperfectly developed. Gold has been obtained in 

 several places. Some rich silver-mines were formerly worked, but, 

 owing to the general insecurity of life and property, they have been 

 for many years almost entirely neglected. Excellent iron-ore is 

 obtained near Metapa. Lead and copper have also been found. 



The only manufactures are of the common articles of domestic 

 consumption. They consist chiefly of coarse cotton goods, cutlery, 

 and iron ware, and some of them used to be in considerable request 

 ihroughout Central America. The foreign trade is of comparatively 

 ittle importance. The exports in 1852 amounted in value to 700,000 

 dollars ; the imports to 1,360,000 dollars. 



San Salvador is divided into four departments, which are named 

 after their respective capitals San Salvador, San Vicente, San Miguel, 

 and Santa Anno. In all, the republic contains 6 principal towns, 142 

 smaller towns, and 62 villages. The following are the more important 

 places ; the populations are merely a loose approximation : 



San Salvador, the capital of the republic, is situated on the Rio de 

 Aselhuate, a small affluent of the Lempa, in 13 44' N. lat, 89 8' 

 W. long. The site of the city is more than 2000 feet above the level 

 of the sea, on undulating ground, iu a kind of valley, surrounded by 

 ligh hills covered with wood, among which, in a north-eastern direction, 

 and at a distance of about nine or ten miles, is the volcano of San 

 Salvador, which at different periods has caused great devastation by 

 ts eruptions. The city itself was laid out with considerable regularity, 

 and had in the centre a plaza, or square, three sides of which were 

 ined with shops, with porticoes before them, supported by a colonnade; 

 while on the fourth side was the cathedral, au edifice which had no 

 peat claims to architectural beauty. The population was about 20,000. 

 But on the night of the 16th of April, 1854, the city was entirely 

 destroyed by an earthquake, and a very large number of the unfortu- 

 nate inhabitants killed. For several days previous to the sad catastrophe 

 ihrri) bad been slight tremblings of the earth, but as they caused no 

 mischief, little heed was given to their premonition. On the evening 

 of the night named however the shocks became more frequent and 

 severe, and, being unattended with noise, the inhabitants became 

 seriously alarmed, and many of them assembled in the great square. 

 At length, at about ten minutes to 11 o'clock, a violent heaving 



