BUR v. 



. southern is named the Southern Thule. 



They ara of voloank origin. bVM of tham r* Tary hkh, and corered 

 with prrp.U.1 wow. Uthars are bars rooky masses, atighUv eleraUd 

 abor* the aa*-lvL Tba surrounding MM contain sea-elephant* and 



SANDY. (Bi>it>Hi*>:Mr-l 



K. [Nw Yowc, City of.) 



11. [AXATOLIA.) 

 [Mcic>l.!t < 



A*.] 



MtlA.] 



VKK". . N.-MRA.] 



'. or Molut, a third-clan province of the kingdom of the 

 Two Sicilies, lias chiefly on tha east side of tha central ridge of the 

 Apennines, and rxtende a* far as tha Adriatic coast. Tbe district of 

 hernia however, which belong* to the administrative province of 

 Sannio, lias on tha wast slope uf tha Apennines, and belongs to the 

 t^- of the Volturno. Sannio U bounded N. by Abniczo Citra and 

 UM Adriatic, & by CapiUnata, Principato Ultra, and Terra-di-Uvoro. 

 Tha area is 8847 square miles; the population in 1851 amounted to 

 80,549. The province is crossed in its length by the river Biferno, 

 the ancient Tifi-rnua, which rises from two sources in the high Apen- 

 nines near Bjano, and flowing north-east enters the Adriatic near 

 tba town of Termoli, after a tortuous course of about 60 miles. The 

 other principal river of the province is the Trigno, which flows nearly 

 parallel to, but to the north of the Biferno. In the lower part of its 

 course the Trigno marks the boundary between Sannio and the 

 province of Abruno Citra. South of the Biferno, the Fortore con- 

 stitutes, fora small part of its course, the boundary between Sannio and 

 CapiUaaU. The central ridge of the Apennines, which runs in a 

 1 direction from north-west to south-east, sends out several 

 which run in a northeast direction to the Adriatic coast. 



i these offiMts there are valleys through which the rivers flow 



with a rapid course. Tbe valleys and the lower hills are very fertile, 

 and produce corn, maize, pulse, oil, wine, niuTfruits. Agriculture is 

 however in a very low condition. The highlands are chiefly used for 

 summer pasture. Tbe forests are of small extent The chief manu- 

 facturing indii'try in the province is that of cutlery and fire-arms, 

 which is etUbluhed at Catnpobauo, Frowolone, Lucito, and Agnone. 

 Agnone has also copper-works. At Calletorto there is a profitable 

 trade in hats, dreoed skins, wax ornaments, and candles. Isernia has 

 manufactures of woollen-stufls, paper, and earthenware. 



Tbe province comprises the ancient territories of Larinu in , of the Cara- 

 eeni, and the Pentri. [SAMNIUM.] It has a civil and criminal court at 

 C*mpobaa*o, from whieh there is an appeal to the High Court of Naples. 

 Tba milfniatinal administration is under the five bishops of Larino, 

 Termoli, Isernia, Bojano, and Trivento. There are a royal college, 

 and an institution for female boarders at Camppbasso, and three gram- 

 mar-echoola at Cascalenda, Moutenero-di-Bisaccia, and Morcone. There 

 ara elementary schools in many communes. The province is con- 

 nected with Naples, and the towns on the Adriatic by excellent roads. 



Tba following are the principal towns of the province of Sannio : 

 CampobatK, a town indifferently built, situated on the slope of a 

 hill above the valley of the Biferno, has an important corn-market, 

 manufactories of cutlery, which supply the whole kingdom, and 9000 

 inhabitants. Trircnto, in the valley of the Trigno, is a bishop's see, 

 with 3000 inhabitants : it contains some ancient remains. Stpino, 

 the ancient Sepinum, formerly a town of the Kamnitex, is situated in 

 the Apennines, which here divide the valley of the Tiferno from that 

 of the Tamaro, an affluent of the Volturno ; it has several churches 

 and convents, a cWical seminary, a paper manufactory, and 4000 

 inhabitant*. Ttrmoli, the ancient Interamna, a small town of 2000 

 inhabitant* on the sea-coast, between the mouth of the Trigno and 

 that of UM Biferno, has a castle on a promontory, and a neglected 

 harbour. Larino, a small town of 4000 inhabitants, in the valley of 

 the Biferno, not far from the wa, is the head of a district. [SxH- 

 XICM.J Aynone is a thriving modern town, with iron- and copper- 

 work*, and about 7000 inhabitants. Bojano is an old decayed town in 

 the Apennines, near the source* of the Biferno. lurnia, on the site 

 of tha ancient .l-Uernia, is an old-looking town, situated in a valley on 

 the wast side of tha Apennines, near tha Volturno, on the high road 

 from Naples to Abruuo. It contains several remains of antiquity, 

 and has flourishing manufactories of pottery and paper, woollens, and 

 population of 5500. An ancient aqueduct carried through a tunnel 

 a mile in length, supplies the fountains and manufactories of the 

 town. Nativi- *ulphur is found in the hills round Isernia in the form 

 of crystals. From Isernia, a carriage-road branches off to the east- 

 ward, trusses tha central ridge to Bojano, and leads to Campobasso 

 and Larioo. Tba province of Sannio comprises only a part of the 

 ancient Samnlum, which also included the whole of the Principato 

 Ultra and part of Tem-di-Lavoro. 



SANQUHAU, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, a royal and parliamentary 

 burgh, ia seated on the river Nitb, in 55* 23' N. lat, 3' 57' W. long., 

 87 miles N.\V. from Dumfries, 56 miles 8.E. from Glasgow by road, 

 and M mile* by railway. Tho popnln'ion of the royal burgh in 1861 



SANTA Ffi. 4M 



wu 1884; that of the parliamentary burgh was 2381. The town is 

 governed by a provost and 18 councillors, three of whom are bailie*. 

 It unite* with Annan, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, and Locbmaben. in 

 the return of one member to the Imperial Parliament The town 

 possesses a handtome parUh church, a Kree church, two chapels for 

 United Presbyterian*, and one for Reformed Presbyterians ; a town- 

 hall of some architectural pretension*; aud a small prison. So 

 the inhabitants are employed in weaving and sewins; f muslin, :.n.l 

 in c irput-making. The castle of Sanquhar is a very picturesque ruin. 



SANSANDING, a town in Africa, in the kingdom of Barnbarra, 

 on the banks of the river Joliba, or QUOITS, situated about 13 N. lat, 

 :," \V. long. It is a place of considerable extent, containing about 

 10,000 inhabitants. It carries on an active trade with Timbuctoo by 

 means of the river, which is navigable for largo river-boats all tin- 

 way between the two towns. All the salt which is consumed iu UK: 

 western countries of Sudan U brought from the Sahara, and passes 

 through this town. By the cafilas from El-Arawan it receives coral 

 and beads from the Mediterranean. These articles are sent to tin- 

 countries south and west of Sansanding, aud exchanged for gold, 

 ivory, slaves, wax, honey, aud cloth of Sudan, which are afterwards 

 sent to Walet and El-Arawan. The trade of this place is in the hands 

 of the Moors. 



SANT'-ANASTASIA. [NAi-uss, Province of] 

 SANT'-ELPIDIO. [FKRMO.] 

 SANTA BARBARA ISLANDS. [ABIIOLUOS.] 

 SANTA CATHERINA. [BRAZIL.] 

 SANTA CLARA. [CODA.] 



SANTA CRUZ. [CANARIES ; MAHOCCO; MEXICO; VIRUIN Isi 

 SANTA CRUZ, RIVER. [PATAGONIA.] 

 SANTA ESPIRITU. [CUBA.] 



SANTA FE, one of the riverine provinces of the Argentine Con- 

 federation, South America, extends along the right bank of the Kio 

 Parana, from about 29 to 33 S. lat, and between 69 30' and t J YY. 

 long., but the boundaries are not very distinctly defined. It is bounded 

 S. by the province of Buenos Ayres; E. by Entre Rios; N.E. by 

 Corrientes ; N. by the Indian country called the Gran Chaco ; and W. 

 by the province of Cordova. The area is about 41,000 square miles ; 

 the population is under 20,000. 



The country is low and much of it very infertile ; iu its natural 

 state it is mostly covered with coarse grass, thistles, and low mimosa- 

 trees. The surface is described generally under ARGENTINE CONFE- 

 DERATION. The southern, where it adjoins Buenos Ayres, U the only 

 boundary which is not formed by a desert. A large portion of the 

 country along the Parand is a barren swamp, while the southern part 

 is subject to very destructive periodical droughts. On the eastern 

 side, where it abuts on Cordova, is the low uncultivated tract in which 

 is situated the Laguna de loa Porongos, and in which the rivers 

 Pritnero and Segundo are lost. The northern boundary is the desert 

 known as the Gran Chaco. But a large portion of the interior of the 

 province is also unfit for agriculture, though it supplies indifferent 

 pasture for cattle, which, with horses and mules, constitute the com- 

 mercial wealth of the province. Formerly Santa Fd was the centre 

 of communication between Buenos Ayres and the western provinces, 

 with Paraguay, whose enormous supply of matd to those provinces, 

 Chili, and Peru, mostly passed through Santa Fd. But the closure of 

 Paraguay to external commerce, the disturbed state of Santa Fd, 

 owing to domestic dissensions, and the frequent encroachments of the 

 Indians from the Gran Chaco, almost entirely destroyed its trade, and 

 reduced the inhabitants to poverty. Santa Fd is however so admirably 

 situated for commerce that it cannot be doubted that, if the tran- 

 quillity of the country could be secured, the partial revival of trade, 

 which has taken place since the opening of the navigation of the 

 Rio Parand, will be more than maintained ; indeed it might be 

 almost indefinitely extended with a larger, more wealthy, industrious, 

 peaceable, and energetic people. The major part of the inhabitants 

 are of Guarini origin, who settled here after the expulsion of the 

 Jesuits in 1790. There are also many Indians, who reside in villages 

 (of which Sauce, 7 miles west of the city of Santa Fd, is the chief), 

 and spin the cloth and make the ponchos usually worn in the country ; 

 they are however generally wretchedly poor and degraded. Santa Fd, 

 like the other provinces of the Argentine Confederation, owns a nominal 

 dependence on the central government ; the executive power is vested 

 : in a governor elected by the provincial assembly. 



Santa /V.the capital of the province, is a meanly-built place on the 

 | Rio Salado, a few miles above its confluence with the Parand, iu 

 31 38' S. lat, 60 49' W.long.: population about 3500. The town 

 consists of a central square, and eight streets branching off from it 

 at right angles, and contains the government buildings and four large 

 churches, one of which is of considerable splendour. The port has 

 convenient quays, but at certain seasons there are not more than 

 3 or 4 feet of water on the bar at the mouth of the river. The town 

 was formerly the entrepot of the goods which were exchanged between 

 the western states and Paraguay , but thut branch of commerce entirely 

 failed whim Paraguay broke off all connection with the adjacent coun- 

 tries, and at present the little trade it has is all in the hands of Italians, 

 who navigate the Parand and Plata by vessels of from 20 to 100 tons 

 burden. It has some overland trade with Montevideo, from which it 

 receives foreign goods. 



