425 



SANTA FE. 



SA6NE, HAUTE. 



426 



Rutario, situated on the high and precipitous bank of the Parana 1 , a 

 considerable distance below Santa Fe, appears likely to become the 

 commercial emporium of the province, being situated in a fertile dis- 

 trict, conveniently placed for the steamers navigating the Parana ; and 

 much the most convenient port for the foreign commerce of the western 

 and north-western provinces. It wears already a far more commercial 

 appearance thau the capital ; has a larger population : and the inhabit- 

 ants are said to be industrious and diligent, Mr. M'Cabe, whose visits 

 were made for commercial purposes, says, in his ' Two Thousand Miles 

 Ride through the Argentine Provinces," that " next to Monte Video, 

 Roaario is the most rising port in this part of South America." 



SANTA FE. [NEW MEXICO.] 



SANTA FE DE BOGOTA. [BOGOTA.] 



SAN TA-MARIA-DE-BETANCURIA. [CANARIES, Fuf>-tnenCura.] 



SANTA-MARIA-DE-CAPUA. [CAPUA.] 



SANTA MARIA DE PUERTO PRINCIPE. [CUBA.] 



SANTA MARIA. [NEW GBANADA.] 



SANTA MAURA. [IONIAN ISLANDS.] 



SANTA LUCIA. [CORRIENTES.] 



SANTA ROSA. [ACOHCAGCA; MEXICO.] 



SANTANDER. [CASTILLA LA VIEJA.] 



SANTAREM. [BRAZIL; ESTREMADCRA, Portuguese.] 



SANTIA'GO, the capital of the republic of Chili, South America, 

 is situated on the Mapocho, a feeder of the Maypu, in the plain of 

 Santiago [CHILI], at an elevation of 1690 feet above the level of the 

 sea, in 33 25' S. lat., 70 38' W. long., population about 50,000. The 

 plain of Santiago, in which the city stands, from its great elevation 

 above the level of the sea, is unfit for agricultural purposes, except 

 where it is irrigated along the banks of gome small rivers, and by a 

 canal which brings water from the river Maypu to the vicinity of the 

 town, and fertilises a tract more than twenty miles in length, and 

 several miles in width. 



Santiago is one of the finest cities in America in respect to buildings, 

 convenience, and healthiness. It stands on a very gentle elope towards 

 the west ; and it is regularly laid out, being divided, like other Spanish 

 towns, into rectangular and equal squares, called quadras. The prin- 

 cipal streets are about forty-five feet wide ; the houses are usually only 

 one story high, on account of the earthquakes; bnt they are very large, 

 and contain many rooms, arranged round three quadrangular squares, 

 culled patios. The Plaza, or great square, stand* nearly in the middle 

 of the city ; it occupies the space of a whole quadra. It has a hand- 

 some bronze fountain in the centre, surrounded by a basin of hewn 

 stone, from which the inhabitants are supplied with water by water- 

 carriers. The buildings on the north-west aide are the government 

 palace, the prison, and the chamber of justice ; on the south-west 

 side stand the cathedral, the only stone building in the city, and the 

 palace of the binhop, an extensive building in the Moorish style ; on the 

 south-east side are a number of little shops ; and on the north-east 

 there are private residences. There is also a university. The only 

 other important public building is the Casa deMoneda, or Mint, which 

 is very large, but ban ceased for several years to be used as a mint. 

 There are several handsome churches and convents in Santiago, 

 especially those of San Domingo, San Francisco, and San Augustin. 



At the eastern extremity of the town u a small rocky eminence, on 

 which the fort of Santa Lucia is built, which ia much visited by 

 foreigners on account of the beautiful view which it affords of the 

 Andes. Adjacent to the hill on the north is the Tajamar, or break- 

 water, raised to protect the city from the overflow of the Mapocho 

 during the melting of the snow on the mountains. At the western 

 extremity of the Tajnmar is a handsome bridge over the Mapocho of 

 eight arches, which leads to the suburb of Chimba. Along the south- 

 western aide of the city is the Canada, which serves as the public 

 walk, and is a large open place planted with four magnificent rows of 

 poplars, which are watered by small canals constantly full of clear 

 running water. The Canada separates the city from the large suburb 

 called La Cafiadilla. At the western extremity of the city ia the 

 small suburb of Chuchunco. 



Coarse ponchos and saddlery are made to some extent in Santiago, 

 and sent to the other parts of Chili. Santiago exports the produce of 

 its mines, and jerked beef, hides, and fruit* to Valparaiso, from which 

 place it receives the manufactures of Europe, China, and the East 

 Indies, with sugar, cacao, and some other colonial productions from 

 Peru and Central America. The road from Santiago to Valparaiso, a 

 distance of 90 miles, is the best artificial road in South America ; and 

 practicable for carriages, though it crosses three ranges of steep hills. 

 Santiago has some commercial intercourse with Mendoza, on the 

 astern side of the Andes, with which it is connected by two roads, 

 the northern of which traverses the Andes by the mountain pass of 

 Uspallata, which at its highest elevation, called the Cumbre, attains 

 1 feet above the sea-level, and may be passed on mules from the 

 beginning of November to the end of Hay ; while the southern road 

 leads over the mountain pass of Portillo, south of Mount Tupungato, 

 which attains an elevation of 14,365 feet above the sea-levrl, and is 

 seldom open longer than from the beginning of January to the end of 

 April By these roads Santiago receives mules, hides, soap, tallow, 

 dri"l fruit*, and wine from Mendoza. 



SANTIAGO I>KI. !>I KUO, one of the provinces of the Argentine 

 Confederation, South America, lies between 27 and 30' S. lat., 61 



and 65 W. long. It is bounded S. by the proviuce of Cordova ; S.E. 

 by that of Santa F<5, from which it is separated by the LaguuaSalados 

 do los Porongos; E. by the desert tract known as El Graii Chaco; 

 N. by the province of Tucuman ; and W. by that of Cataniarca, from 

 which it is separated in part by the desert tract called the Gran 

 Salinas. The area is about 70,000 square miles ; the population is 

 under 50,000. 



The province of Santiago comprehends the western part of the Gran 

 Salinas, the country between the liio Dulce and the Rio Salado, south 

 of 27 S. lat., and also a large tract of the Gran Chaco, to the east of 

 the Rio Salado. The surface cf the country and its hydrography arc 

 described generally under ARGENTINE CONFEDERATION. It is for the 

 greater part a level country, but it extends oil the south-west towards 

 the hilly region surrounding the Sierra de Cordova. The climate is 

 considered to be the hottest in South America. By far the larger part 

 of the country ia very infertile. The good land is of comparatively 

 small extent, and almost entirely limited to a narrow tract along both 

 aides of the river Dulce, and a still smaller tract on the banks of the 

 Salado. Though the soil is sandy, it has great fertility in the neigh- 

 bourhood of the river, producing plentiful crops of tnaizo and wheat, 

 and some good grass. Where it is not cultivated, it is mostly covered 

 with large trees. In the deserts which surround the cultivated tract 

 that species of cactus on which the coehiui-al insect lives (Cactus 

 opuntia) grows to an extraordinary size, and is very abundant. For- 

 merly a considerable quantity of cochineal (from SOOO to 10,000 lb?. 

 annually) was sent to Peru and CbilL A large quantity of wild bees' - 

 wax and honey was also collected in the woods ; but since the occur- 

 rence of the civil dissensions these pursuits have been almost entirely 

 abandoned. Some districts have good pasturage. Among the 

 inhabitants are many Indians who speak the Quichua language, and 

 manufacture ponchos (cloaks) and coarse saddle-cloths or blankets. 

 Some soda is extracted on the borders of the Gran Salinas from tho 

 pal-obi. Like the other provinces of the Argentine Confederation, 

 Santiago is a federal state, owning a qual ified dependence on the central 

 government. The executive power is vested in a governor elected by 

 the junta, or provincial assembly. 



Santiago del *tero, the capital of the province, is situated on the 

 right bank of the Rio Dulce, in 27 47' S. lat., 64 3' W. long., popu- 

 lation about 4000. It ia a straggling ill-built place, but is the emporium 

 of the little internal and foreign trade which the province now possesses. 

 i/atara is a small place on the Rio Salado, where it begins to b 

 navigable. 



SANTIAGO DE ALANOE. [PANAMA.] 



SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTKLA. [GAI.ICU, Spanish.] 



SANTIAGO DE CUBA. [CUBA.] 



SANTIAGO DE VERAGUA. [PANAMA.] 



SANTIAGO ISLAND. [CAFE VERD ISLANDS.] 



SANT1LLANA. [CASTILLA LA VIEJA.] 



SANTO-STEFANO. [PoN/.v.] 



SANTO TOME. [JUMOtnnu.] 



SANTONA. [CASTILLA LA VIEJA.] 



SANTORIN. [THEHA.] 



SANTOS. [BRAZIL.] 



SAONE, HALITE, a department in the east of France, is bounded 

 N. by the department of Vosges, E. by that of Haut-Rhin, S. by that 

 of Doutw and Jura, and W. by that of Cote-d'Or, and Haute-Marne. 

 The greatest length is from east-north-east to west-south-west, 72 

 miles ; the greatest breadth, at right angles to the length, is 38 miles. 

 The area of the department is 2064-5 square miles. The population 

 in 1841 was 347,627 ; in 1851, 347,469, giving 168'3 inhabitants to a 

 square mile, or 6'2 below the average of the French departments. 



The eastern side of the department is occupied by the branches of 

 the Vosges, the main ridge of which is just upon the border. The 

 principal elevations are Le Ballon de Servance, 3967 feet ; and Lc 

 Ballon de Lure, 3718 feet. A range of heights branching from the 

 Vovges skirts the right bank of the Oignon, as far as the road between 

 Vesoul and Besanc,on, and indeed rather farther ; and some of the 

 branches of the Faucillea overspread the northern portion of tLe 

 department. 



The east of the department is occupied by the primary rocks which 

 form the nucleus of the Vosgen. The country ou the west and south 

 of this primary district ia occupied by the sandstone of the Vosges 

 and other of the lower secondary formations, but the greater part of 

 the department ia occupied by tho secondary formations which 

 intervene between the cretaceous group and the sandstone of the 

 Vosges. The minerals are granite, porphyry, freestone, stone for 

 lithography, and excellent grindstones, gypsum, and a white sand 

 valuable for the manufacture of glass, coals, and iron. Numerous 

 coal- and iron-mines are worked. There is a large number of furnaces 

 and forges for the manufacture of pig- and bar-iron and steel. 

 Peat is also procured. There are several mineral-springs, of which 

 those of Luxcuil, a town at tho foot of the Vosges, arc the moat 

 frequented. 



The department belongs to the baein of tho Sa6ne. The Sainc, 

 the ancient Arar, rises in the department of Vosges, and enters Hauto- 

 Saone near Jonvelle. Hence it runs in a general southern direction 

 through this department past Gray and across an angle of Cote-d'Or. 

 It thcu entors the department of Sadne-et-Loire, passing Ch.llou, and 



