SA6NE, HAUTE. 



SA6NE-ET-LOIRE. 



423 



i the de(*r*roDt of Aiu Mow Toinuun. From thU point to 



ill junction with the Rhone at Lynn, it flown nearly due south. The 

 whole leufth of tlie Saoiie in 2SO u.ilrs, of which 162 below Gray are 

 Mtlfftted by itauiMn ami Urge barge*. During the freshes of the 

 rirer many large raft* of tquare timber, loaded with stave*, iron, and 

 other h*ry produce are floated down to Gray and the towns above 

 MT St. Jeau-de-Losne it is joined by two canals, which connect 

 it with the Rhine and the Seine. The stream is proverbially gentle. 

 The principal tributaries which it receives are the Coney, the 

 Super be, the Lauferne, the Drejon, the Remain, the Morte, iui<l 

 the Oittnon, on the left bank ; and the Aruauce, the Oourgeon, and 

 the Saulon on the right bank. Of these the Oiguon is the most 

 important: it rises near thu eastern extremity of the department 

 amid the Voages, and flows south-west, partly within, partly upon the 

 border, 90 miles into the Sadne. The department is crossed by 5 

 state and 14 departmental roads. The department has no canals nor 

 railroads. A railway however is authorised to be made from St.- 

 Diner, in Haute- Itarue, to Gray, which will connect the basin of the 

 Upper Saone with the Straaburg-Paris line. 



The heat of summer and the cold of winter are less intense than 

 in the adjacent department?, the autumn is usually fine; but the 

 spring is variable. The soil is on the whole fertile. About half the 

 an-a of the department is under the plough. The chief crops are 

 wheat, rye, muslin (wheat and rye mixed), maize, barley, oats, and 

 potatoes. A surplus of wheat is grown for export to the southern 

 departments from Gray, which is one of the greatest corn-markets in 

 France. Millet, beet-root, pulse, and seeds for oil are alfo grown. 

 The grass-lands occupy an area of nearly 150,000 acres ; they are 

 chiefly along the banks of the Sadne and Oignon, and afford abundance 

 of good pasture. The heaths and commons occupy nearly 55,000 

 area. The number of horned cattle is above the average ; but the 

 number of horses, and still more of sheep, is below the average. Pigs, 

 goats, and asses are reared, but the mule is rare. The vineyards 

 occupy nearly 30,000 acres; the wine is of very ordinary quality. 

 The woods occupy nearly 400,000 acres, and contain abundance of 

 oak, beech, and hornbeam; on the slopes of the Vosges "there is 

 abundance of fir-timber. The wolf, the fox, the squirrel, and the 

 ottrr are common. Game is tolerably plentiful The rivers abound 

 with fish, including trout, carp, pike, barbel, eels, and crayfish. 



The manufactures comprise iron and ironmongery of all kinds, 

 carried on iu 60 furnaces, forges, and foundries ; glass, pottery, bricks, 

 leather, spirits, cotton-ntuHs, paper, hats, drugget, hosiery, canvass, 

 seed-oil, &c. There is a good trade in agricultural produce, timber, 

 staves, deals, cheese, salt, and cattle. 



The department is divided into three arrondissements as follows : 



1. In the first arrondissement the chief town is Vesoul, which is 



the capital of the whole department. It is situated at the base 



31 a conical bill at the junction of two small streams that form a 



feeder of the Saone, 200 miles S.E. from Paris, and has 6061 inhabit- 



j in the commune. It is well built, and is adorned with public 



There are a church, with a handsome high altar in marble, a 



iall, a court-house, a covered market, and handsome cavalry 



there are also a theatre, an hospital, and public baths. The 



cture. are calicoes and other cottons, braid, hats, nails, hosiery, 



i 1" ^ Wat ? h Work '' There are ^-houses, tan-yards, and 



.leaching-worka. Trade is carried on iu corn, hay, wine, cattle, 



5*5 Z, tW 1 lTe yearly fairs - The town has a cMe S e , 

 MIC library of 21,000 volumes, an agricultural society, an eccle- 



sbooi, a normal school, a scientific society, and a depart- 

 Dentel nursery-ground. Ihe other towns of the arrondissemeut are 



P\ 5 r /" re T w^ 6 " N ' W - from Ve8ou1 ' PP"l*tion 2800 : 

 8m*. W. from VeMul, population 2200 : Secy, on 



S5? !L ^T* 1 ^ a ^ ue bridge of u arche8 : 



atiou 2160. Scey-.ui-Sa6ne has iron-works and lanyards- the 

 neighbouring country is beautiful and fertile. 



' be .j 1 * cond L rro nduwement the chief town, Gray (population 



.' Y* 8 8 '" e f J a , hiU 'bove the Saone, 30 miles SW 

 ewul. and is commanded by the ruins of an ancient castle 



S y Jd lted v b . y ,, th l duke " f H""*"*"* The streets are 

 1 nd ateep, but the house, are built with tolerable regularity. 

 > valry barrack., a theatre, a fountain, a public walk, an 



lg ? l ^?^ aDd eVeral I' ari8h <*>-obes. Some woo lien 



d other articles are manufactured; but the chief bu.iness of 



i from it. situation on the Saone, on which river goods 



here embarked from . diUerent parts of Lorraine, Champagne, Bour- 



3, mud /ranch. Com*, in order to be sent to the south of 



ce; an.l good, from the .otuh are landed. There are immense 



t S^T ^^ n the 8 ' OBe - One of them - * great flow? 

 mill of M. Tramoy, contains 11 hydraulic wheel*, worked by water 



power derived from the Sadue, and driving 11 pairs of millstone*. 

 The flour is sent down the river chiefly to Lyon and Marseille. The 

 chief articles of trade are corn, hay, timber, deals, wine, iron, and 

 colonial produce. Gray has a tribunal of first instance, an agricultural 

 society, a college, and a public library. At Champlitte, which stands 

 14 miles N.W. from Gray iu the valley of the Salon and has 3100 

 inhabitants, linens, drugseta, brandy, and hats are manufactured. 

 The hills around Champlitte are covered with vineyards. At Gy, 11 

 miles E. from Gray (population 2700), druggets, cotton goods, and 

 vinegar are made, and considerable trade is carried on in wine. 



3. In the third arrondUsement the chief town is Lure, which is 

 situated in a marshy plain 16 miles N.E. from Vesoul, and has 3346 

 inhabitants in the commune. Lure was formerly celebrated for its 

 Benedictine abbey. The sub-prefect occupies the former residence of 

 the abbot. The town consists principally of one long and very wide 

 street, into which some smaller streets or lanes open ; the houses are 

 low, but tolerably well built. The inhabitants have tan-yards and 

 dye-houses, and carry on trade in leather, iron, corn, timber and cheese. 

 Straw-hats are made in the district. The town has a tribunal of first 

 instance and a college. Among the other towns are Champagney, 

 8 miles N.E. from Lure, population 3000, mostly employed in the 

 neighbouring coal-mines; Htricourt, a well-built town, 15 miles E. by 

 S. from Lure, with above 3500 inhabitants, several cotton-mills, some 

 of which are driven by water and some by steam, tan-yards, breweries, 

 and tile-works; St.-Loup, at the foot of the Vosges, population 2600; 

 and Luxeuil, a well-built town on the Breuchiu, 12 miles N.W. from 

 Lure, population 4000, engaged chiefly in trade and in large iron-works 

 near the town. Luxeuil is frequented for its hot mineral-springs, which 

 were known to the Romans. It was in former ages still more cele- 

 brated for its abbey and school, founded by St. Columbanus A.D. 590. 



This department, with that of Doubs, constitutes the archiepiscopal 

 diocese of Besanjou ; it is included in the jurisdiction of the High 

 Court and within the limits of the University Academy of Besau9on. 

 The department returns three members to the Legislative Chamber of 

 the empire. It is included in the 7th Military Division, the head- 

 quarters of which are at Besancon. The Lutherans have a consistory 

 at HeYicourt, and churches at four other places in the deportment. 

 The Lutheran service is performed in the nave, while mass, is cele- 

 brated in the choir of the parish church of Hericourt. 



(Dictionnaire de la France.) 



SA6NE-ET-LOIRE, a department of France, bounded N. by Cote- 

 d'Or, E. by Jura, S. by those of Aiu, Rhone, and Loire, and W. by 

 those of Allier and Nievre. Its greatest length from north to south 

 is 68 miles, from east to west 85 miles. The area is 3306'7 square 

 miles. The population in 1841 was 551,548; in 1851 it had fallen 

 to 534,720, which gives 161708 inhabitants to a square mile, being 

 12-876 below the average per square mile for the whole of France. 



The department is traversed from south to north through its centre 

 by the Charolais and Maconnais heights, which form the prolongation 

 northward of the CeVennes, and unite them with the Cote-d'Or, the 

 heights of Langres, the Faucilles, and the Vosges. [CEVENNES.] 

 These heights in the southern part consist of short parallel ranges of 

 hills, which are separated by longitudinal valleys drained by the 

 feeders of the Sadue or the Loire. In the northern part of the 

 department they do not occupy so much space as in the southern, 

 and consist of two ranges of low hills separated by the valley of the 

 Dheuue, through which the Canal-du-Ceutre passes. On the eastern 

 and western sides of these heights the surface of the department is 

 tolerably level. 



The nucleus of the mountain chain is granite, which prevails also 

 in the country westward. The eastern slopes and the plain at their 

 base nearly to the Saone, are occupied by the oolitic formations. A 

 considerable extent of country also around Charolles, on the west 

 side of the heights, and extending northward almost to the Arroux, 

 is occupied by the same formations. The immediate banks of the 

 Loire (above the junction of the Arroux) and of the Saone, and that 

 portion of the department which lies east of the SaOne, are occupied 

 by the tertiary formations. 



In minerals this is one of the richest departments iu France. The 

 hungry ungrateful soil of the basin of the Arroux covers one of the 

 richest coal-fields in France. Iron-ore is found also in this district, 

 and numerous important iron-works are established near the coal- 

 mines. At Creuzot, where both coal- and iron-mines are worked, there 

 are some of the most important irou-works in France, and great 

 foundries which turn out cannon, anchors, steam-machinery, mill- 

 castings, &c. The produce of these coal-fields is distributed by means 

 of a railroad 17 miles long, which conveys the coal to the Canal-du- 

 Centre. The richest manganese-mine in France is at Romaucche, 

 near the Saone, in the south of the department Marble, alabaster, 

 lithographic stones, and abundance of freestone are quarried. 



The department is partly in the basin of the Loire, partly in 

 that of the Sadne. The line of separation between the two basins is 

 formed by the Charolais heights, the country on the east of them 

 being drained by the Sa6ne, and the country on the west by the Loire. 

 The Saone itself enters the department on the north-eoet side from 

 C6te-d'Or, between Seurre and Verdun : it pursues a winding course 

 south-south-west past Verdun and Chftlon, from which town its course 

 is more directly south, to the junction of the Reyssouce, whence it ' 



