SA6NE-ET-LOIRE. 



SARATOV. 



430 



separate* the department from that of Ain. Its length within or 

 upon the border U about 70 miles, navigable throughout. Its prin- 

 cipal affluent* are the DoUBS and the Seille, on the left bank ; and 

 the Dheune, the Gaye, and the Grdne, on the right bank. The Douba 

 receives the Guiotte on its left bank, and the Seille receives the Solman 

 and the Sane on its left bank. The Seille is navigable from Louhaus. 



The Loin enters the department on the south-west side, crosses 

 the south-west corner, and for the remainder of its course, until it 

 quits the department altogether, forms the western boundary ; about 

 53 miles of iU course, all navigable, belong to this department It 

 receives the Arconce, or Reconce ; the Arronx, which ha* 12 miles of 

 navigation ; the Souime and the Tannay, all on its right or east bank. 

 There an a number of small lakes, some of them on the watershed 

 of the two river-basins. 



The Canal du Centre, formerly the Charolai* Canal, unites the Loire 

 and the Sadne. It commences in the Loire at Digoin, and follows the 

 valley of the Arronx for a very short distance, then that of the Bour- 

 bince, a feeder of the Arroux ; at the head of which valley is it* 

 summit-level, about two miles long, when th canal crosses a depression 

 in the Cbarolais height* ; it then descend* by the vall.y of the Dheune 

 to the neighbourhood of Chsgny, when it turns off, and join* the 

 Saooe at Chalon. Its length may be estimated at 75 miles, all in this 

 department The lateral canal to the Loin consist* of two part*, one 

 extending from Roanne, in the department of Loire, to Digoin, in this 

 department ; the other from Digoin to Brian, in the department of 

 Loiret The total river and canal navigation of the department 

 amount* to about 870 mile*. 



The climate is changeable hi the Charolai* height* ; it is too cold in 

 this part to allow the culture of the vine. In the rich plain extending 

 from these heights) to the Saooe the climate is delightful. Of the 

 total area of the department, more than half U under the plough. 

 The chief crop* an wheat, rye, maslin, maim*, barley, buckwheat, and 

 potatoes. That part of the department which lie* to the east of the 

 Saooe I* chiefly a corn-growing district ; the part* immediately adja- 

 cent to the river an productive in wine and pasturage, a* well a* in 

 corn ; and the plain between the height* and the Loire abounds in 

 pasture. The meadow* and give-land* have an extent of nearly 

 820,000 acne, besides 64,000 to 65,000 acres of heath and common. 

 The number of horned-cattle U above the average. The beef of the 

 dfatrieti* very good; the principal supply of Lyon U from thi* depart- 

 ment The number of hone* and sheep is small. A considerable 

 number of pig* is bred. Oxen an very generally employed in the 

 labours of agriculture, and a considerable number is sent from the 

 neighbourhood of Charolles for the supply of the market* of Park 

 The vineyard* occupy about 95,000 acne, and some of the wine*, 

 specially too** grown in the neighbourhood of Maeoo, an in very 

 high r-pute. The gnat bulk of the viLtage however ranks only as 

 common table-wine. The woodlands occupy above 400,000 acre*; 

 the timber is chiefly oak, beech, ash, pine, fir, and chestnut The 

 wolf and the wild boar an met with in the Clveane*. 



Besides the industrial products already mentioned, the inhabitant, 

 nun u f act on BW*B*M, guukt bottMB, pt%p**T, copper ww, beet root Mg*%j* f 

 cotton stuBa, bather, pottery, drugget, felt hate, wine casks, oil, flour, 

 bricks, Ac. 



The department is divided into five arrondiseemenU, a* follow* : 



1. 



1. A 



t 



I 



U 



10 



111 

 IS 



It* 



1S1 



II 



Popnlatiaala 



111,401 



: . - 



1U.I04 



IM.17I 



*!,* 



474.710 



1. The first arroodsfc*ement is named from Ha chief town, MACO*, 

 and among the other place* worth naming i* Clumy. situated in the 

 valley of the Orooe, It mile* N.W. fromMaoon, and famous for it* 

 ancient Benedictine abbey, which wee founded by William I. of 

 AqneUine, A.D. 910, and JatiiysJ a* the time of the Ant French 

 nvolution. The town ha* a college and 4260 inhabitant*, who manu- 

 facture drugget, steel-wan, paper, vinegar, leather. Ac. The abbot's 

 Wove i* the only part of the building* of the ClunUc monks now 

 MB standing. iWmu I* pleasantly situated at the foot of a little 

 hill on the right bank of the Saooe, over which then is a good wooden 

 bridge the booav* an indifferently built ; then an two public walk* 

 and quay along the river. The townsmen manufacture hate, blanket*. 



calicoes, 



, beet-root sugar, and potanh : they send 



great quantity of good btiilding-etone to Lyon by the river, and 

 carry on trade in corn and wine. Then an twelve yearly fain. 

 There is a tribunal of commerce at Tournus. The population of the 

 town 1*0300. 



I In the earond arrondhMemnt the chief town is Acrmr. The 

 oher Vnms an Cbw**>, 13 mil-s H. K. from Autnn : population, 8060. 



r. in a rich coel-nekl, 10 mile* K. from Autnn : populatiou, S800. 

 /ty Cfer/7^, *l mile* & by W. from Antnn : population, 8000 ; and 

 Htmltmil, It mile* 8. by R from Autun: population, 1500. Mont- 



canis lormerly gave name to a county belonging to the dukes of 

 Bourgogne, the ruins of whose castle still cover a hill above the town. 

 Near Montcenis is the village of Crtuzot .- population, 6100. From 

 1500 to 2000 workmen are employed iii the coal- and iron-mines, iron- 

 works, glass-works, &c. 



3. In the third arrondisaement the chief town, Charolles, is situated 

 at the junction of the Semence and Arconce, 28 miles \V. by N. from 

 Macon, and has about 3000 inhabitants. Charolles has tribunals 

 of first instance and of commerce, an agricultural society, and a college. 

 The townsmen are engaged in the iron-works and potteries of the 

 neighbourhood. Among the other towns are .Bourdon Lancy, famous 

 for its hot-springs, 27 miles N.W. from Charolles : population 2900. 

 Chuuffailla, a busy modern little town of 8600 inhabitants, who 

 manufacture linen and cotton stuffs, is 17 miles S. from Charolles. 

 Digoin, at the junction of the Canal du Centre with the Loire, popu- 

 lation 3100. itarcigny, 16 miles S. by W. from Charolles, has 2500 

 inhabitants, who manufacture leather and table-linen, and carry on 

 trade in corn and wine. Paray-le-Monial, near the Canal du Centre, 

 ha* a fine gothic church (which dates from A.D. lOul), and 3400 inhabit- 

 ants; and Touion-nr-Arroujc, 20 miles N.N.W. from Charollea: 

 population, 2340. 



4. In ttie fourth arrondissement the chief town is CHALON, or 

 Cbalon-sur-Sadne. Chagny, 10 miles N.W. from Chalon (population 

 3000), U rather a pretty town in the midst of a country of vineyards ; 

 Girry. a well-built town of 3000 inhabitants, is situated 6 miles W. 

 from Chalon, in a country which produces excellent wines; Sennecey- 

 It-Grand, 9 mile* S. from Chalon, is a handsome well-built town, 

 with 2600 inhabitants, who carry on trade in corn and wine ; Verdun, 

 at the junction of the Douba and Sadne, situated partly on a hill, 

 partly on a plain (which is protected by dykes from the floods of the 

 two riven), w.is formerly a strongly fortified place. Its defences were 

 demolished by Henri IV. and Louis XIV. : population, 2000. 



5. In the fifth arrondioement the chief town, Luuham, an ill- 

 built place on the Seille, 19 miles S.E. from Chalon, is an old town, 

 with the upper stone* of the house* projecting over the causeway. 

 It baa an hospital, an agricultural society, a college, tribunals of first 

 instance and of commerce, end 3700 iu habitant*, who manufacture 

 flour, leather, and trade in cattle, poultry, ic. It stands on the left 

 bank of the river Seille, the navigation of which commences here. 

 The other canton* an named from mere villages. 



The department is well provided with the means of communication 

 both by land and water. It is traversed by 7 government, 21 depart- 

 mental, and several parish roads; and also by the Paris-Marseille 

 railway, which runs down the right bank of the Sadne from Chalon 

 to Lyon, and pses through Macon. From Chalon, lines are authorised 

 to be constructed to Ddle, in the department of Jura, whence one 

 branch ia to ran to BBS* neon, another to Gray, and a third to Lons- 

 le Snulnier. 



The department constitute* the diocese of Autun, in the eccle- 

 siastical province of Lyon-et-Vienne. It is in the jurisdiction of 

 the High Court of Dijon, and within the limits of the University- 

 Academy of Lyon. It is in the bth Military Division, the head- 

 quartera of which an at Lyon. It sends four members to the Legis- 

 lative Chamber of the empire. 



(Kctioniuun dt la franee; Annuaire pour fAn 1853 ; Official 

 /,.,. 



8AOKOIO. [NICE.] 



SAPCOTE. [LElCEaTBMHIRE.] 



8APONAKA. [BAUUCATA.] 



8APRI. (PHIWCIPATO ClTRA.] 



SARA. [GEORGIA.] 



[ZABAUOZA.] 



.] 



BARAO033A. 



8AKAISK. [ 



8ARAMON. [GiB*.] 



SARANSK. [PESSA. 



SARATOV, a government of Asiatic Russia, lie* between 48 and 

 S3" N. lat, 42 20' and 61* 20' E. lontr. It is boundid X. by Pensa, 

 Simbimk, and Orenburg; K. and S. by Astrakhan ; and \V. by Tambow, 

 Voroneti, and the country of the Don Coesaks. The northuru frontier 

 is 875 miles in extent, but the southern only 75 miles. The area is 

 about 74,590 square mile* ; and the population in 184 was 1,718,600. 

 The soil of this government is very unequal : to the east of the Volga, 

 which traverse* it from north to south, ami divides it into two nearly 

 equal portions, it forms a barren steppe of great extent ; on the west 

 of the Volga the surface is undulating and varied with hill*, very 

 fruitful in the northern part, but poor and stony towards the south. 

 In the western portion then are hills of slate and limestone, which 

 an pretty elevated in the south, and accompany the right bank of the 

 Volga a* far as Zaritxyn. These hills separata the Volga from the 

 Don. The Volga traverses the government in its whole length from 

 north to south, a* far as Sarepta below Zaritzyn, where it forms an 

 elbow, and, running to the eaut, divides this government from that of 

 Astrakhan. To the west of the Volga there are some tributaries of 

 the Don, which run from south to north. In the eastern part there 

 an many lakes, the mont remsrkable of which is the salt-lake of 

 Elton, on the nouth-east, towards the frontier of Astrakhan. On the 

 north side the bank-i rise rapidly ; on the south access to it is easy. 

 The lake is of an oval form, the longest diameter being about 11 miles 



