SARDINIAN STATES. 



SARDINIAN STATED. 



all the province-*. on the Italian si-le of the Alps and nurth of the 

 Li.'uriaa Apennines. The jurisdiction of the High Conrt of Genoa 

 extend* to all the provinces of tbe duchy of Genoa, with the exception 

 of San Remo. Tbe High Court of Nizza has juris lictiou over the 

 provinces of Nizxa, Onestii*, and San Remo. The High Court of 

 Savoy, which nits at Chambe'ry, decides all suiU within tbe limits of 

 tu- ijuchy of Savoy. Each court ha< two chambers, one for civil and 

 the other for criminal matters. The judges are irremovable. There 

 U an Admiralty Court which sits at Genoa ; and tribunals of com- 

 merce are established in all the leading towns. The tribunals of com- 

 merce of Nice, Genoa, Chiavari, Savona, Novi, and San Remo, Turin, 

 ChamWrv, and Nice are called Consolati. The towns and other com- 

 munes have a communal council composed of notables of the place, 

 at the h-ad of which is the sjnoic. The council superintends tbe 

 local and economical administration of the commune, but its acU are 

 subject to tbe sanction of the intendente of the province. 



Tbe government until lately was an absolute monarchy. Tbe late 

 king, Carlo Alberto, published a constitution for his subjects, dated 

 February 8, 1848, which has been since faithfully acted upon. It 

 declares the Catholic religion to be the dominant reli.-ion, but gives 

 perfect freedom of conscience to dissenter*. Tbe executive is vested 

 in the king, who act* by responsible minister! ; tbe command of the 

 army, the right to make peace or war, to make appointment* to office, 

 to sanction laws, aim rest in tbe kin?. The legUlative power is exer- 

 cbi by tbe king and two chambers a Senate and Chamber of 

 Dpnties which must be convoked every year by tbe king ; or if 

 dissolved, the king most convoke a new chamber within four months. 

 All financial laws moat first be introduced into tbe second chamber. 

 The freedom of tbe press and at tbe person is guaranteed. Tbe judges 

 are immovable. 



Tbe army is recruited yearly by means of a conscription. Every 

 conscript, nnlsse be provides a substitute, is bound to serve eight 

 yean in tbe regular army, after which be is enrolled for eight 

 yean more in tbe provincial battalion of bis respective district. In 

 time of war the provincial battalions are called into active service, 

 and tbe army becomes thereby increased to about 150,000 men. Tbe 

 regular army in 1814 numbered 47,521 men and 702 horses. Tbe 

 corps of carabineers, in number about 4000 (of whom s 55 are in the 

 island of Sardinia, which is free from the conscription >, are charged 



with tbe police of tbe country, b-ing scattered in 

 tbe aik>*ss nrminoas In 1855 



toe army was increased in nomqn*no 



of the king sending 15,000 men to aid tbe French and English against 

 Russia in tbe Crimea. 



Tbe naval fores consists of 4 sailing and 4 steam frigates, 4 oorratt*% 

 8 brigantines, 1 brig. 8 war steamers, and several smaller visiili, carry 



iftgmallMMgnnsraad manned by 180 UMO. bssidw officers. Th* 

 station* of tbe royal navy are at Genoa, Villtrnnca, and in tb* island 

 of Sardinia. Th* mercantile navy numben S4 1 v*a-la, carryin, 

 i of 154,851 tow, and 24,539 men, including captains, aai 



in the budget of 1855, 

 to 137.*3,242 

 1854 amounted to 

 during the 



I 



Tbe public revenue* of the state, as 

 amounted to 1*3,182,51 francs; and tbe 

 francs. The national debt on the 1st of January 1*54 an 

 571,*W,II francs (22.873.000/.). which ha* been Ucrras-d 



present year (1855) by a loan of S,000,000t. sterling, guaranteed bj 

 th Britiih government. The revenue U derived chiefly from land 

 tax, custom* and eiciss duties, poeVomee, public works, ie. . 



tax. 



' 



of tbe continental states *b under 



54. 



high* tsMologieal studies at Snperga, near Turin, 

 to* continental states about 240 ooov 



the 4 archbishops of Turin, Chambe'ry, Genoa, and Vercelli ; and 2 

 bishop*, of Maurienne, Tarantau*, Annecy, Aosta, So*, Pinerolo, 

 Aoqul, Alba, Asti, Cuneo, Fossano, Ivrea, Moodovi. Saluno, Alessan- 

 dria, Biella. Ca.aU, Novara. Vigevano. Albenga, Nina, Bobbin, Sanaa*, 

 Sarona, Tortooa, and Vmtimiifli*. Th* number of parisbe* is 7a ; 

 that of eollsgia** church**, b*sid*s cathedrals, is 74 ; and that of 

 Then is an *eele*ia*tioal aead*my for the 

 Thar* are in all 



convents of monks and 82 oonvenU 

 of nun*; by a law pasted by the Sardinian Chambers in May 1855, all 

 i orders are sappreswd. with tb* exception of those employed 

 tesohmg, or tending tb* sick." Th* Valdense* an 

 roaaProte*tants*et a* yet rath* Sardinian states. They 

 dwell chiefly in tb* valleys of PigoeroL Their clergy study at Geneva or 

 Lausanne hi Switaeriand. They have church** in Genoa and Turin. 



Ptiblio instruction i* aflorded by the royal and communal colleges. 

 In every province then an on* or more royal colleges, in which 

 grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy an taught ; and in some of them 

 there an chain of law, imdiein*, and divinity. In most towns then 

 is a communal college, beside* grammar achools. Female education 

 i* aaTbraid almost exclusively in convents of nun*, of which there an 

 u :- i_ -!_, j, gie n m the two nni- 



maiU** of Turin and Genoa, in which cities then are academies of 

 sciences sad of the fine art*. [OK.IOA ; TORINO.] There are a veteri- 

 nary school at La Voneria near Turin, a school of mineralogy at the 

 mines of Moulin s in Tarantaaia, ami a naval school at Genoa. Most 

 aomteaus* have school* for boys. 



Th* soaHuantal state* of the king of Sardinia have several fine 

 carriage-roads scrota the Alps and Apennines, which intersect their 

 territory. Th* moat ftmBTff M t an: 1, the great road of Mont 



Ceui.t, leading from Chambe'ry to Turin, constructed by Napoleon : 

 2, that of tbe Simplon, leading into Switzerland, likewise constructed 

 uud. r Napoleon ; 3, the road from Genoa to Savzuia and Lucca along 

 the Eastern Riviera ; 4, the road from Genoa to Novi by Serravalle ; 

 5, the road D^lla Cornice, from Genoa to Nizza, along tbe Western 

 Riviera, begun under Napoleon, and finished under king Charles 

 Felix. There is a well regulated and cheap post-office system through- 

 out the Sardinian dominions, as well as diligences for travellers 

 on all the high roads ; and public conveyances, called ' velociferi,' on 

 the provincial or cross roads. Under the late king. Carlo Alberto, 

 railroads were begun to be constructed in the continental states Lines 

 now extend from Turin to Genoa through Allessandria ; from Turin 

 to Cuneo, to Pignerolo, and to Susa ; from Alessandria a line runs up 

 to Novara. Along these roads electro-telegraphic wires are laid down ; 

 and the city of Turin ha* electric communication through Chambc'ry 

 with Paris, and by the Gulf of Spexzia with the island of Sardinia, 

 from the south-western point of which it is contemplated to carry 

 electro-telegraphic cables to Bonah in French Africa. A railway is 

 projected from Annecy to Chambe'ry, thence to Montmelian on the 

 lucre, up the left bank of that river to the confluence of tbe Arc, and 

 up the valley of the Arc to Modane. This line in all probability will 

 be extended from Annecy to Geneva, from Montmelian to Grenoble, 

 so as to form a junction with tbe French railway system ; and the 

 project of cutting a tunnel through the Alps under Mont Ceuis, so as 

 to unite the Savoy railroad at Modane with an extension of the Turin- 

 Susa line to Graude-Croix, has been long entertained with great favour 

 by the people and government of the Sardinian States. 



The plains of Piedmont are well supplied with canals, chiefly for the 

 purpose of irrigation, tbe principal of which are in the provinces of 

 Alessandria. Vercelli, Biella, Casale, Ivrea, Alba, and Turin. The river 

 system of Piedmont is described under Po. 



Tbe staple products of the continental Sardinian territories for 

 exportation are silk, rice, hemp, wine, and oil. Most of the wine is 

 consumed in the country. The principal manufactures consist of 

 paper, silks, woollens, linen, glass, and cotton-yarn. The importation 

 of colonial article* and foreign manufactures takes place chiefly through 

 the port of Genoa. A considerable trade is carried on with Switzer- 

 land and Germany by the Lago Maggiore, and tbe Bernard in road leading 

 to tb* Orison*. 



Th* Sardinian States bar* Switzerland on the north, France on the 

 west, tbe Mediterranean on the south, Austrian Italy, Parma, and 

 Tuscany on the cast. They oomprUe the countries between the Var 

 and the Magra, the Rhone and the Ticino. The Sardinian portion of 

 the Lununana lias east of the Magra. The surface is covered on the 

 west and north by tb* Alps, on the south by the Apennines, aud 

 bstsusu tbsss two great mountain systems lies the most extensive and 

 valuable portion of tb* country, comprising the slopes, valleys, and 

 plain* that form tb* basin of the Po to the junction of the Ticino. 

 Tb* face of the country i* described in the articles ALPS, APEKNIXBS, 

 GCXOA, PIEDMONT. SATOT, and under the names of tb* several 

 administrative divisions or province*. 



liuiory. The origin of tbe house of Savoy is involved in the 

 gT*st*sl obscurity. Tlie first historical ancestor of the house of Savoy 

 is Humbert, count of Maurieone and great vassal of Rudolf III., tbe 

 last king of tb* second kingdom of Burgundy. As a reward of his 

 services to Conrad the Sali.-, Humbert was confirmed in his extensive 

 6*f of Maurienne, and obtained military jurisdiction over other parts 

 of Savoy, the lower Valais, and also the valley of Aosta, on the 

 Italian side of the Alps, which was prt of the kingdom of Burgundy. 

 Count Humbert died about A.D. 1048, and was buried in the cathedral 

 of St. -Jean de Maurienne. His eldest son Amadeus L succeeded him, 

 but, dying shortly after, was succeeded by his brother Uddo, who, by 

 hi* marriag* (A.D. 1045) with Adelaide of Susa, daughter and heiress 

 of Odelric Manfred, count of Turin and marquis of Italy, extended 

 the dominion of his house to tbe bmks of the Po. Uddo by his 

 marriage became marquis of Italy and count of Turin, and master of 

 tbe principal passss of tbe Western Alps ; for, in addition to that of 

 Great St.- Bernard and Little St.- Bernard, which were already within 

 hi* ancestral territory, which extended over the valley of Aosta, be 

 became possessed of those of Mont Cenis and Mont Genorra. Uddo 

 died about A.D. 1060. He left by Adelaide three sons, Peter, who 

 is styled marquis, Amadeus, who is called count, and Uddo, who 

 became a bishop ; besides two daughters, Bertha, who married Henry, 

 afterwards Henry IV. of Germany, and Adelaide, who married Rudolf, 

 duke of Suabia. Adelaide, the mother, appears to have governed, 

 after tbe death of her husband, as regent or coHeaguu of her sons, the 

 extensive territories belonging to them on both aides of the Alps. 

 After the death of Peter about 1078, bis brother, count Amadeus or 

 Amadeu* II., succeeded, who at his death (1080) left by his wife 

 Joan, daughter of tbe count of Geneva, an infant son, who is styled 

 Humbert 11. The Marchioness Adelaide continued to administer her 

 dominions, as guardian to her grandson, eleven years longer, till h 

 died at a very advanced age in 1091. 



Humbert ll.,countof Maurienne. succeeded to hi* father's Biirgundiau 

 states in Savoy, and even increased them by the acquisition of Taran- 

 taoa, but tiuxe on the Italian side of the Alps bad been seized upon 

 during his minority by several claimant*. At tbo same time the great 

 towns, Turin, Asti, and others, availed themselves of the general 



