SARDINIAN STATES 



SARTHE. 



443 



_jjuU feudal MrrioM for a money equivalent, to b fixed by * court 

 ormUd for tli porpoM. He took off all the extraordinary imposts 

 which bad boon put on during the Ionic preceding wan. Charles 

 Emmanuel di-J at Turin, iu February, 1778, at 72 year* of age. 



177S-K6. Victor Amadeui III., on of Charles Emmanuel, sue- 

 crdl. The torius of the French revolution rendered his reign 

 calamitous; he loat Savoy and Nice in 1792, Oneglia in 1794. and 

 after two years more of a deaullory but sanguinary warfare, the line 

 of defence formed by the Alpi was turned by the French pausing 

 through the Ligurian Apennines, and the revolutionary torrent poured 

 down into the plains of th Po. King Victor was induced to conclude 

 a hasty peace, which left his dominions at the mercy of the French. 

 H* died soon after, in October. 1796. 



1796-1802. Charles Emmanuel IV., on of king Victor, succeeded his 

 father on a slippery throne. Savoy and Nice were united to France, 

 and Piedmont was overrun by French troop?, who held the principal 

 fortrewes in their hands. At last the king was obliged to retire to 

 Sardinia in 1799. In June, 1 802, Charles Emmanuel, who was then at 

 Rome, abdicated in favour of his brother, Victor Emmanuel. 



1802-21. Victor Emmanuel, seeing no chance of being restored 

 to hU continental states, repaired to the island of Sardinia. In the 

 year 1314 he r tin-tie 1 to Turin, and took possession of the dominions 

 of his ancestors, to which the Congress of Vienna added the Qenoese 

 territory. A conspiracy which broke out in Piedmont (in March 1821), 

 headed by some of the military and the nobles (who wished for either 

 a representative constitution with two chambers, or the Spanish con- 

 -titution of 1812 with only one chamber), induced the king to abdicate 

 in favour of his brother Charles Felix (lie himself having had no male 

 offepring), who was then at Modcna. In the meanwhile Charles Albert 

 of Savoy Cariirnano, who had joined the insurrection, was appointed 

 p gent, and proclaimed the adoption of the Spanish constitution of 

 1812, toleration of all religions, and some other important changes, all 

 however on condition of the royal assent. 



1821-31. Charles Felix, the new king, as FOOD as he was made 

 aware of the proceedings of tho regent, issued a proclamation from 

 Modena (March 16, 1821), declaring all that had ben done since his 

 brother's abdication null and void. The regent fled to Novava, and 

 thence to the Austrian head quarters. Charles Felix, supported by 

 Austria, put down the insurrection in Piedmont, and restored the 

 former system of monarchy. He occupied himself with tho business 

 of administration, and also in nuking new roads and other improve- 

 ments both in his continental dominions and in the island of Sardinia, 

 where he appears to have been very popular. He died at the begin- 

 ning of 1831, leaving no male issue, and was succeeded on the throne 

 by his collat ral relative, Charles Albert of Carignano, a descendant of 

 Prince Thomas, brother of Victor Amadeus I. 



1831-49. Charles Albert, after his flight from Turin in 1821, settled 

 for some time in Florence. In 1823 he served as a volunteer in the army 

 of the Duke of Angouleme in Spain, and assisted to crush the constitu- 

 tion ii) that country which he had endeavoured to set np in his own. He 

 ascended the throne on April 27, 1831. For many years he seemed to 

 oscillate between a desire to retain arbitrary power on the one hand, 

 and a desire to grant political privileges to his subjects on the other. 

 In 1836 he issued an edict for the suppression of the feudal system in 

 the island of Sardinia, and in February 1842 an amnesty to his accom- 

 plices in the conspiracy of 1821. The interference of Austria in Italy 

 inclined him to liberal institutions as a means of defence against 

 external aggression. Accordingly when the Austriaus, fearing the 

 consequences of the liberal measures of Pope Pius IX., occupied 

 Kcrrara in 1847, the king of Sardinia protested, and offered to defend 

 the independence of the States of the Church with all his forces. In 

 the same year he made a commercial league with the Pope, with Tus- 

 cany, and Lucca ; and followed this up in November by establishing 

 municipalities and provincial councils throughout his states. In 

 February 1848 hs granted a representative constitution, the heads of 

 which hare been enumerated above. After the Milanese had ilrivcn 

 the Austriaus out of Milan, he marched at the head of his army to aid 

 the insurgent* in the cause of ' Italian regeneration,' as it was called, 

 but his real motive was most likely to extend his dominions. After 

 two days' hard fighting he defeated tho Austrians at Goito, May 29. 

 Peschiera then surrendered to him. Verona was attacked, and Mantua 

 threatened. Soon after the Sardinian fleet entered the Adriatic, 

 and blockaded Trieste. Hitherto he had been on the whole successful ; 

 but the Austrians, who were led by a master of warfare, were not 

 beaten they had retreated from Lombardy only to gain strength. 

 On the 27th of July the Sardinian army was comp lied to retreat, and 

 Mantua w.< relieved. Marshal Radetsky pursued the retreating Sar- 

 dinians to Milan, and forced them to surrender (August 4). [MILAN/) 

 An armistice was agreed upon in September. In the spring of 1849 

 CharlM Albert, influenced by the clamour of his subjects or by sinister 

 advice, renewed the war. He was defeated at all points, and Marshal 

 Radetsky by bis great victory at Novara crushed the designs of Charles 

 Albert, who abdicated in favour of bis pon (the present king Victor 

 Emmanuel II.) on the 24th of March. The Austrians took military 

 posjsmion of the fortrens and half the town of Alessandria, and also 

 of the country between the Po and the Sesia, until the conclusion of 

 peace. The Sardinian fleet was withdrawn from the Adriatic, and the 

 army reduced to a peace-footing. Charles Albert retired to Portugal, 



where he died at Oporto on the 28th of July; His remains were 

 brought from Portugal and buried iu tho catacombs of th basilica of 

 Superga. He married in 1817 Teresa, archduchess of Austria, by 

 whom he left two sous, the present king, and Ferdinand, duke of 

 Genoa, since dead. 



SARDIS. [LIBYA.] 



SAREE. [PERSIA.] 



SAREPTA. [SARATOV.] 



SARLAT. [UOBDOUNE.J 



SARMA'TIA was the name given by the Romans to all the country 

 in Europe and Asia between the Vistula and the Caspian. It was 

 bounded S. by the Euxiue and Mount Caucasus, and was divided 

 by the Tanaia into Sarmatia Europaea and Sarmatia Asiatics. The 

 people inhabiting this country were usually called Sauromate by the 

 Greeks and Saruiatoj by the Romans. 



Neither Herodotus nor Strabo makes mention of the European 

 Sarmatians. The Sauromatoe of Herodotus dwelt to the east of the 

 Tanais, by which they were separated from the Scythians of Europe, 

 and inhabited a tract of country extending northward from the Pains 

 Mseotis equal to fifteen days' journey iu length. (Herod., iv. 21, 58.) 

 Herodotus also says that the Sauroinatte sprung from the intercourse 

 of a body of Scythians with some Amazons who came from the river 

 Therrnodon in Asia Minor, and that their language was a corrupted 

 form of the Scythian (iv. 110-117). Strabo likewise places the Sauro- 

 matae between the Tanais and the Caspian (ix. p. 492, 5"07), and 

 speaks of the people west of the Tanais as Scythians. 



The principal nations iu European Sarmatia were 1, the Venedze 

 or Venedi, on the Baltic. 2, the Peuciui, or Bastarnos, in the neigh- 

 bourhood of the Carpathian Mountains, who, as well aa the Venedi, 

 appear to have been of German origin. (Tac., ' Germ.,' 46.) 3, the 

 lazyges, Rhoxolani, and Hatnaxobii, in the southern part of modern 

 Russia. 4, the Alauui or Alaui Scythse, in the central part of Russia, 

 iu the neighbourhood of Moscow. The knowledge which the ancients 

 possessed of these people was very small ; they are universally repre- 

 sented as a nomad people with filthy habits. The people with whom 

 the Romans were brought most in contact were the lazyges, generally 

 called lazyges Sarmatae, and sometimes lazyges Metauastoe, because 

 they were driven out of their original seats on the Euxino and the 

 Palus Jhootis about the year A.D. 51. They fettled in the country 

 between the Danube and the Tibisis or Tibiscus (Theiss), after driving 

 out the Daci, and carried ou for a short time war with the Romans. 

 (Plin. iv. 25; Tac. ' Anu.,'xii. 29, 30.) They are frequently mentioned 

 by subsequent writers as dangerous neighbours to the provinces of 

 Pannonia and Msesia. 



SARNO. [PRINCIPATO CITRA.] 



SARDS PATAK. [HuNOAUY.j 



SARSINA. [FORLI.] 



SARTHE, a department in France, taking its name from one of the 

 streams by which it is watered, the Sarthe, an affluent of the May-ime, 

 is bounded N. by Orne ; E. by the departments of Eure-et-Loir and 

 Loir-et-Cher ; S. by Indre-et-Loire and Muiue-et-Loire ; and W. by 

 Mayenue. Its length from north to south is about 6'2 miles ; from 

 east to west about 58 miles. The area is 2396 square miles. The 

 population in 1841 was 470,535; iu 1851 it amounted to 473,071, 

 which gives 197'44 inhabitants to a square mile, being 22'86 above the 

 average per square mile for the whole of France. The department is 

 formed out of a portion of Anjou. 



The surface is generally level. The highest hills are on the north- 

 western border, about Sille-le-Guillaume. The south-east side of the 

 department is occupied by the formations of the cretaceous group. 

 From beneath the cretaceous group, the formations between the 

 chalk and the new red-sandstone crop out, and occupy the remainder 

 of the department, except along the north-western boundary, where 

 the granite rocks of the great primitive district of Bretague make 

 their appearance. Anthracite coal-mines are worked in the west of 

 the department. Iron mines also are worked ; aud there are several 

 furnaces, and forges for manufacturing the metal. Freestone for 

 building, black marble, sandstone, slates, millstones, granite, fullers' 

 earth, ochre, and potters' clay are fouud. There is a salt-spring at 

 La-Suze. 



The department belongs wholly to the basin of the Loire. The 

 principal river is the Sarthe, which touches the border of the depart- 

 ment on t'.ie north side near Alen9on, aud flowing south-west separates 

 it from the department of Orue, except near Alen9ou, where its 

 course is beyond the boundary, to which however it soon returns. 

 Several miles above Frenay it qui's the border and flows in a winding 

 channel south-east to Le-Mans, just below which it receives the Huisno 

 on the lefc bank from the north-east. From this point the navigation 

 commences, and the river flows south-west into the department of 

 Maine-et-Loire. Its whole course on or within the border of this 

 department is about 110 miles, for about 50 miles of which it is 

 navigable. Tho Loir, a tributary of the Sarthe, crosses the depart- 

 ment just within the south-eastern border: it joins the Sarthe in the 

 department of Maine et-Loire. Its course in this department is about 

 55 miles, for 35 or 40 miles of which, namely, from Cliateau-du- 

 Loir, it is navigable. Besides the Huisue and the Loir, the Sarthe 

 receives the Bienne and the Orne on the left bank ; aud the Geay, the 

 Vcgre, the Erve, and the Vaige on the right. The Loir receives the 



