SAWBRIDQEWORTH. 



SAXE-MEININOEN-H1LDBURGHAUSEN. 



451 



of the other provinces in 1848 is thus stated : Alta-Savoia, 50,872 ; 

 Moriana, 64,239; Tarentaise, 45,723; Annecy, 107,474; Faissigny, 

 105,474 ; ChablaU, 57,562. A great part of the country is rocky and 

 barren, and the male inhabitants are obliged to leave their homes in 

 order to get a subsistence. Many of them when young resort to Paris 

 for employment, and return to Savoy after a few years with the fruits 

 of their industry. Cattle and sheep constitute the chief wealth of the 

 Alpine districts. Savoy does not produce corn enough for its con- 

 sumption. Wine is made in most part*, and some of it is very good. 

 Silkworms are reared in Savoy proper, and fruit-trees are abundant 



The popular language of Savoy is a Romance dialect, like those of 

 Western SwftaerUnd, but the people of the towns speak good French. 

 [SjuuKXiAjr STATES.] 



SAWBRIDGKWORTH. 



SAWLF.Y. 



V. ' [OAssMMssisssm] 



C A \l"T*t>V riTi --, __-. m . . 1 



PA w A jv i . Ill I IfT IV GDOX*UXiB>& I 



vR-ALTENBURG, a small duchy on the northern 

 of the Thuringian Forest, consists of two principal divisions; th* 

 aastern along th* bank* of the Pleisse, and the western, which is 

 traversed by the Saale. The two parts are separated by th* princi- 

 pality of Oera, which forms part of th* territory of Keuss. The 

 eastern is bounded N.B. and S E. by the kingdom of Saxony, 8.W. by 

 Weimar, W. by Rents, and N.W. by Prussian Ssxony ; the western 

 division i* bounded X. by Prussian Saxony, E. by Keuss, S.E. and W. 

 by Weimar, and S. W. by Coburg and Sehwarxburg. The duchy li s 

 betweeaSrandeS'N. Ut, ll'andlS'E. long. The dochy is divided 

 into two esnlis, of which the area and population are thus given : 

 Altenburg, ana 243 square miles, population 80.010 in 1860; Saal-Eisen- 

 berg, ana 264 sqnan miles, population 40,788 in 1860 : total area, 007 

 square miles; total population, 132,733. The climate is mild and salu- 

 brious. The country is hilly, richly wooded, and fertile. Th* high*** 

 point*, th* Dolenotein Mar Kahla, and th* Buchberg, are however not 

 above 1000 fast high. Th* river*, which an small, and are tributaries 

 of the Elba, an the Saale, with the OrU and Rods, and the Pleisse, 

 which i* properly the river of the country, with its small tributary 

 stream* tb* Sprotta and Oentenberg. Then are several large lakes, 

 and also mineral springs, th* most celebrated of which is that at 

 Jhssnarmn. The agricultural products are corn (particularly rye and 

 wheat), pulse, potatoes, rape-seed, flax, and hemp. Much attention 

 is given to the rearing of cattle; tb* sheep an of a superior breed, 

 and the horsea of a remarkably strong make; swine are abundant. 

 Wild boars and deer an in in*asilr*hls numbers. Fruit i* plentiful. 

 There an few minerals. A very one porcelain earth is found in the 



r at Ootha. Woollen (loth*, stockings, and woodon-warea, 

 Then an aii*iilfhl* salaries at Altenburg, 

 Kisenberg, and Lucka. The artides of export are corn, catti., 

 ttar.aadV 



wool, butter, and timber. 

 TheDukeofSaxe-Altonburghas 

 trtofth* 



v i- I ', 



too 



tfom. Altenburg forms part of the ancient C 

 a very early period to have been under the 

 w farmed into a separate prkMspatity in 1 



;:. : 



th. house of Altenburg in 1678, the larger port* 



the Pious, duke of Ootha. From this period the principality of Alteo- 



of Meissen. It 



OB ::. * '.-.: 

 d to Ernest 



,, S v ,| '.-. .,. 



of Frederick ' 



IV., in 



on the 16th 



r of Saxe-Gotha, till it expired in too 

 1825. By the territorial 

 MS of the boose of Ootha, 

 and Cobnrg. the dak* of Hild- 

 r,18M, resided hk own territorial 

 the dnehy of AHonbnrg, with the 

 xosptiaa'of the districts of Fisanlinj. and Kamburg. The principal 

 town* in this duchy are : 1, ALTXSSTKJ, which had 16.184 inhabit- 

 ants SB 1MO. It is noticed in a separate article. 2, Mnuttm-f, a 

 walled town, eootaining a ducal palace, two chinches, and above 6000 



l.lll I ll.. I... l~^~ 1_ Li.!*.. ^J....U_l l~l_ .nJ m .n,, 



SBBBBBeB, WDO avDssss wv saTiowiioiw, isMODaomi uwm, ana manu- 

 fcXniss of woollen cloths, pottery, porcelain, and leather. Near the 

 town is a mineral spring Black enalk for drawing is found in the 

 neighbourhood. , JsMsitury is situated on a considerable eminence, 

 about 4 mil*. W.8. W. from Altenborg. 

 in which are four rates; and 

 ' 



observatory, a town-hall, an 

 ants is about 6000, who 





It is surrounded by walls, 

 palace, three church**, an 

 The number of inhabit- 

 woollens, riband*. Isrthsr, 

 which they cany 



8AXE-COBURO-OOTHA, a duchy in the southern part of 

 is oompOMd of two large and various smaller dst*hd 

 Udbythe territortoiof Prussia, Schwsrs- 



Weimar, 'Electoral He***, Meiningen, and 

 Bavaria. Th* principality of Coburg Us* between 60 > 8' and 60* 23' 

 K. !*., 10* 49'*ad 11*14' E. long., awd that of Ootha between W W 

 mA&rWX. la*., 10' 15' and 11' 2* B. long. The area and popula- 

 tion an given odor COBCBO. Tb* south part of Ootha is traversed 

 by a large portion of the Thuringian Moontsina, of which th* loftiest 

 pohrts an, th* Hshsjiikopf, 111* fast, th* lns*lberg, 8947 fort, with 

 others of nearly equal elevation. Tbi* chain, extending in a south- 

 easterly direction from Fhinirh through Oothn to th* frontiers of 

 ROM*, when it receives the name of Frankenwald, is on th* whole 



nearly 70 miles in length, and from 4 to 6 miles in breadth. The 

 rivers of Coburg are the Itz, Steinach, Rodacb, and Nasslach ; those 

 of Gotha are the Horse], with the Emee, Ruhl, and Nessa, the 

 Unstrut, Gera, and Apfelstedt. 



Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants, especially 

 in the low lands, which yield abundance of corn, hops, vegetables, 

 carrots for the making of sugar, flax, anise, carraway, poppy, and 

 canary seed, and excellent fruit. The forests yield timber, potash, 

 and pitch. The rearing of cattle is prosecuted with much activity ; 

 the sheep are generally of the Merino breed, and the horses strong and 

 of a good make ; swine and poultry, particularly geese, are plentiful. 

 Iron is found near Friederichstadt ; there are also coals, sandstone, 

 millstones, marble, alabasters, gypsum, lime, potters'-clay, porcelain- 

 earth, and salt. There is considerable manufacturing industry in 

 Ootha ; the chief articles are linen-yarn, ticking, twills, woollens, and 

 cottons ; tar and lamp-black ; there are also manufactories of iron, 

 steel, starch, tobacco, whitelead, soap, paper, porcelain, copper and 

 iron utensils, and glass. 



The exports from Ootha are timber, pine and other wood seeds, wool, 

 coriander and anise seed, and oil, pitch, lampblack, peat, linen and 

 cotton goods, metal and wooden wares. In addition to the exports, 

 the duchy has a considerable transit trade, as the high road from 

 Leipsig to Frankfurt jissnon through it. 



Saxe-Cobarg participates in the joint proprietorship of the University 

 of Jena, and Las several gymnasia, and numerous town, village, 

 Sunday, training, commercial, and mechanics schools. The princi- 

 pality of Coburg has had a representative constitution since 1821, 

 composed of 17 delegates; Ootha has had its chamber of represen- 

 tatives from an early period, which differs in its nature and arrange- 

 ment from that of Cobnrg. 



Coburg formerly belonged to the counts of Henneberg, but came 

 by marriago into the Ernestine branch of the house of Saxony. The 

 house of Ootha, properly so called, commenced in 1640, on the extinc- 

 tion of the Coburg and Eisenach houses of the Albertine branch of 

 Saxony. Ernest the Pious received that portion in which Ootba was 

 situated ; he considerably augmented it by inheritance, and caused it 



to be erected into an independent principality by the German Diet 

 Frederick I., had Ootha and other neighbouring 



i.r:, .-....,!..-. - . 



iliaUlnt* as hi* portion, and to preserve it from subdivision he estab- 

 lished the law of primogeniture. His successors were great promoters 

 of th* art* and sciences, and laid the foundation of many noble collec- 

 tions. On the death of the last lineal descendant, in February, 1886, 

 th* duchy of Ootha was divided among the dukes of Saxe-Memingen, 

 Hildburghausen, and Cobnrg, th* last named receiving the princi- 

 pality of Ootha, but it still mtains it* ancient and peculiar constitu- 

 tional and political laws and customs. The town and duchy of Cobnrg 

 an noticed under the article COBDRO, and the town of GOTH A is 

 described in a separate article. 



SAXE-MEINIXOEX-HILDBUROHAUSEX, is a duchy composed of 

 of Msininren, the principalities of Hildburghausen 



, same smaller district*, forming a compact territory, 



in a semicircle along the banks of th* Werra, and skirted 

 by tb* chain of th* Thnringian Forest It lies between 60 1 3' and 

 60* 68' N. lat, 9* 67' and 11* 64' E. long., and has an area of 968 square 

 mil**: th* population in January 1863 was 166,364. The duchy is 

 inclosed by the territories of Bavaria, Coburg, Reuss, Weimar, 

 .Sehwarxburg, Electoral Heese, Ootba, and Eisenach. Being situated 

 betwen th* Thuringian and Fiohtel chains, the character of the sur- 

 face I* mountainous : the loftiest points are the BleUberg, 2760 feet 

 high; tb* Kiefarle, 2698 feet; the Qerberstein, 2184 feet; and other 

 -*** of nearly equal elevation. Their valleys supply rich pas- 

 turage to numerous flocks and herds ; they also contain many curious 

 caverns, of which the most remarkable are the Zinselloch, the Orie- 

 biseh, and th* Altensteinerhohe. 



The principal rivers are the Werra, which, with many tributaries, 

 traverse, the whole duchy ; the Saale, Itc, Rodach, Mils, and Steinach ; 

 th* vales of some of these rivers an very picturesque. There are 

 mineral springs near Llebenstein and Sabrongen, and salt-springs near 

 Friedrichsball and Xeusubn. The productions are those of central 

 Germany grain of all kinds, fruits, vegetables, rapeseed, tobacco, 

 timber, which is the staple of the country, game, fish, poultry, and 

 honey. Among its mineral products are freestone and sandstone, slate, 

 marble, porcelain and potters'-clay, copper, lead, iron, salt, coals, pitch, 

 alum, and basalt 



Agriculture i* the most Important branch of industry. Fniit is 

 cultivated to a great extent ; cattle and sheep of the improved breeds 

 an reared in all the districts ; there are also large flock* of goats. 



There i* considerable manufacturing industry, particularly in the 



jtu~l. tod [n the principality of Saalfeld, where there are many 

 _ maces, works, mills, and glasshouse*. The ordinary manufactures 

 an coarse linen*, sail-cloth, woollens, and cottons ; there are also dis- 

 tilleries, breweries, and tan-yards. The exports are wood, sheep, 

 horned cattle, tobacco, wool, leather, Sonnenburg toys, in which a 

 large trade is carried on, woollens, glass, porcelain, and paints. 



The University of Jena, being founded for the us* of the states of 

 th* Ernestine line, is open to Meiningen, which alo possesses several 

 gymnasia and numerous school'. 



The principal town* in the duchy are as follows : Meiningen, on the 



