4*1 



SCANIA. 



SCHAFFHAUSEN. 



163 



separated from it in the middle of the 15th century. From that 

 time the two countries of Scandinavia constituted separate states, 

 until the year 1314, when Denmark wag obliged to cede Norway to 

 Sweden, and Norway submitted to the new order of things. Since 

 that time the whole peninsula has been under the same king, but 

 the two countries of Norway and Sweden have preserved their con- 

 stitutions, which differ in every respect [NORWAY ; SWEDEN.] 



SCANIA. [SWEDE*.] 



SCARBOROUGH, North Riding of Yorkshire, a market-town and 

 sea-port, a municipal and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a 

 Poor- Law Union, is situated on the shore of the German Ocean, in 

 54 17' X. lat, 0" 22* W. long., distant 40 miles N.E. from York, 

 217 miles X. from London by road, and 2531, miles by the Great 

 Northern and York and North-Midland railways. The borough is 

 governed by 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, one of whom is mayor, and 

 returns two members to the Imperial Parliament. The population of the 

 borough in 1851 was 12,915. The livings are in the archdeaconry of 

 the East Riding and the diocese of York. Scarborough Poor-Law 

 . comprises 33 parishes, with an area of 81,480 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 24,615. 



From its name, which signifies a fortified rock, the town appears to 

 hare been of Saxon origin, and there is reason to suppose that it was 

 also a Roman settlement. It was incorporated by Henry II. The 

 town was in ancient times defended by strong walla, a moat, and 

 earthen mounds. The castle, which before the application of artillery 

 must have been impregnable, was built in the reign of Stephen. Here 

 Piers de Gaveston, the favourite of Edward II., sought refuge from 

 the exasperated barons, but was obliged to surrender for want of 

 supplies, and was beheaded. During the civil wan the castle under- 

 went two sieges by the parliamentary forces, the first of which lasted 

 twelve months. It was afterwards dismantled by order of the Parlia- 

 ment; but on the breaking out of the rebellion in 1745 received a 

 temporary repair. Barracks for 120 soldiers, and three battens* to 

 protect the town and harbour, have since been erected. 



The town is situated in a semicircular bay open towards the south 

 and south-west, and protected towards the north and north-east by a 

 high and steep promontory, with the old castle on its summit It has 

 risen gradually from the sands up the acclivity in successive tiers of 

 streets; the upper and more modem part of the town being well 

 built and handsome, sad the streets wide and well pared. It is 

 lighted with gas, and is supplied with water from a recently-con- 

 structed reservoir, capable of containing a million of gallons. St. 

 Mary's church forms part of a much larger edifice, of which portions 

 of a crypt and other remain* appear in the churchyard. Christ 

 church is of modern gothic architecture, with a tower and pinnacles. 

 There are a ntat chapel of ease, sad chapels for Independents, 

 Wesleyan, Primitive, and Association Methodists, Baptists, Christian 

 Brethren, Quakers, and Roman Catholics. There are a Grammar 

 school (which had 80 scholars in 1854), a Lancastrian school, 

 National schools, a school of Indiutry, Denison's Charity schools, the 

 AmuKL. Society's school for clothing sad educating from 70 to 80 

 boys and girls, two Infant schools, and a Roman Catholic school 

 The town possesses two public libraries, a mechanics institute, and a 

 philosophical society, with a museum illustrative of the geology sad 

 natural history of the North Riding. The Oddfellows' Hall is a 

 handsome structure of recent erection. Trinity House Hospital, the 

 Merchant Seamen's Hospital, sad Wilson's Marine Asylum are 

 spacious sad ornamental buildings; besides which there are Bed- 

 man's, Taylor's, and St. Thomas's hospitals, the Spinsters' Asylum, 

 sad the Sea-Batbing Infirmary, supported by subscription, for the 

 benefit of poor invalids. The other public buildings are the town- 

 hall, an assembly-room, theatre, and custom-house, the borough jail, 

 and the Union workhouse. One of the most remarkable objects at 

 Scarborough is the Cliff Bridge, erected upon piers 75 feet high, over 

 a chasm 400 feet wide, which separates the town from the Spa, 

 between which placet the bridge) now forms a delightful promenade. 



The town owea its prosperity to its mineral baths, and its advan- 

 tageous position for seabathing. It has a beach of smooth sand, 

 sloping gently to toe sea, and the water, free from the influence of 

 any Urge river, m of the greatest purity and strength. There are 

 several excellent baths, and complete accommodation for marine 

 bathing. The two mineral springs are on the margin of the sea, 

 beneath the cliff, and are protected by a massive sea-wall, on which 

 a spacious castellated saloon is erected ; sad there are various walks 

 and ornamental grounds. The springs comprise carbonate and sul- 

 phate of lime, magnesia, and oxide of iron ; they have a cooling and 

 tranquillising influence, and are found beneficial in [stomach com- 

 plaints. 



Scarborough Harbour is narrow at the entrance, but is easy of 

 nnnss, sad commodious within. It has two piers, each 1200 feet 

 bog; at the end of one of the piers is a lighthouse. Scarborough is 

 a boo/ling port, and has large bonding warehouses. It has a consider- 

 able foreign trade, principally with the Baltic, Holland, and Portugal : 

 the imports being timber deals, hemp, flax, iron, brandy, and wine. 

 There is an active coasting trade in coal, corn, butter, bacon, and salt- 

 fish. ' Nearly 200 boats are employed here in the herring fishery in 

 the season. Ship-building is carried on. Cordage and sail-cloth are 

 There are several coal-mines in the neighbourhood. 



The ships registered as belonging to the port on December 31st 1853 

 were Under 50 tons 62, tonnage 1767; above 50 tons 134, tonnage 

 32,079. During the year 1853 there entered at the port 274 sailing- 

 vessels of 16,705 tons ; and there cleared 27 sailing-vessels of 1657 

 tons, and 2 steam-veaaels of 37 tons aggregate burden. A county 

 court and quarter sessions are held in the town, and weekly petty 

 sessions for the borough and the North Riding. Thursday is the 

 market-day. Fairs, principally for cattle, are held on Holy Thursday 

 and on Old Martinmas Day. The castle-hill, with an area of 19 acrea, 

 is more than 300 feet above the level of the sea, and terminates on 

 three sides in a perpendicular rock, the fourth side towards the town 

 being a steep rocky slope. The approach is defended by a wall, with 

 a deep fosse. The keep of the castle is a square tower, nearly 100 feet 

 high, with walls 12 feet thick. 



SCARIFF, or SCARRIFF, Cflunty Clare, Ireland, a market-town 

 and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated on the river Seariff, 

 about a mile from its entrance into Lough Derg, and on the road from 

 Killaloe to Galway, in 52 54' N. lat, 8 32' W. long., 24 miles E. by 

 N. from EunU, and 120 miles W.S.W. from Dubliu by road. The 

 population in 1851 was 954. Seariff Poor-Law Union comprises 17 

 electoral divisions, with an area of 86,320 acres, and a population in 

 1S51 of 21,947. The town consists of one street, which occupies the 

 sloping bank of the river. It contains a Roman Catholic chapel. 

 Petty sessions are held monthly in the town. There are 11 yearly fair*). 



SCARPANTO, the ancient Carpathiu, an island in the Mediter- 

 anean, about 30 miles long and 5 miles broad, lies between Rhodes 

 and Crete. This island consists for the most part of bare and lofty 

 mountains scored by hollows and ravines. The highest point, Mount 

 Lartos, near the centre of the island, is 4000 feet high. The moun- 

 tains contain iron and marble. It is mentioned by Homer ('II.,' ii. 

 676) under the name of Kfcfarodor, and U spoken of by Pliny (v. 36} as 

 one of the Rhodian Islands. Strabo (x. 489, Casaub.) describes it ag 

 lofty, and 200 stadia in circumference ; and says that it contained four 

 towns, one of which was called Nisyrua. The sea between Rhodes 

 and Crete was called the Carpathian Sea, from the name of the 

 : 1 : i 



8CAHPE. [liELOIDM.] 



SCHAFFHAUSEV. one of the Swiss cantons, ia bounded N., E., 

 and W. by the grand-duchy of Baden, and S. by the cantons of 

 Thurgau and Zurich, from which it is separated by the Rhine. It ia 

 one of the smallest cantons of Switzerland. The area is only 115 

 square miles ; and the population, by the census of I860, was 35,300, 

 of whom 1382 were foreigners and 21 vagrants, and all professed some 

 form of Protestantism, except 1411, who were Catholics, and 9 Jews. 

 The language of the country is a dialect of the German. The surface of 

 the canton is hilly, and the soil is mostly calcareous. The general 

 slope of the valleys is southward towards the Rhine, which drains tho 

 whole country. Agriculture constitutes the chief occupation of the 

 people ; the country produces corn, wine, flax, hemp, and fruits, espe- 

 cially cherries. The climate is mild, compared with other parts of 

 .Switzerland. The manufactures consist of leather, steel, cottou- 

 spioninir, and distilling of kirschwasser. The canton has iron-mines ; 

 most of the ore is smelted in the furnaces of Laufon, near the fall of 

 the Rhine. 



The canton is divided into six districts Schaffhausen, Stein, 

 Thayngen, Neunkirch, Unterhallau, and Schleitheiui. The only 

 towns of the canton are Schaffhausen, Stein, and Neunkirch, but 

 there are many villages and hamlets. The government, since 1831, U 

 democratic. All citizens of the canton who are 20 years of age are 

 electors. Paupers, bankrupts, and criminals are deprived of the 

 franchise. Foreigners who purchase the bourgeoisie, or freedom of 

 one of the communes of the canton, become entitled to the elective 

 franchise after five yean. The Great Council consists of 78 members. 

 The Little Council, or executive, consists of nine members chosen by 

 the great council : the members must be at least 30 years of age. 

 The president of the little council is styled burgomaster. Both the 

 great and little council are renewed every four years. The revenues 

 of the canton are derived from an income tax, a house tax, patents, 

 cantonal forests, 4c. There were 6222 land- and house-holders iu 

 the canton in 1850. 



Tho chief town, Sfhafkauicn, it built on the side of a hill sloping 

 to tho bank of the Rhine, and about 1200 feet above the sea. The 

 summit of the hill is crowned with a feudal castle in perfect preserva- 

 tion. It U surrounded by walls flanked with towers, and has a fort, 

 the vaults of which are bomb-proof. The streets are irregular, and 

 most of the houses are old-looking, but many are modern and hand- 

 some. The most remarkable buildings are the cathedral, the church 

 of St. John, the town-house, and the arsenal. Schaffhausen has a 

 college, a public library, a gymnasium, several elementary schools, 

 an orphan asylum, and a savings bank. The population is about 

 7700. The Rhine is crossed by a common wooden bridge. Steamers 

 ply between Schaffhausen and Constanz. Schaffhausen (' skiff-houses ') 

 was originally a hamlet of boatmen, and a place for unloading the 

 goods which come down from the Lake of Coustanz, the boats being 

 obliged to stop hare on account of the falls in the river below the 

 town. In the llth century, a large monastery being built in the 

 neighbourhood, a town afterwards grew around it, which iu the 13th 

 century was walled, and obtained the rank of on imperial town. In 



