SCINDE. 



SCOTLAND. 



1 70 



surrounding sea than formerly ; email sharks are sometimes observe! 

 in the summer months, and porpoises are frequently seen. 



The Scilly Islands belong to the duchy of Cornwall, and were Ion; 

 held on lease by the lords Qodolphin, and after them by the Duke o 

 Leeds ; the present lessee IB Augustus Smith, Esq. The lessee has 

 usually appointed a council of twelve to exercise a civil jurisdiction 

 bat persons charged with capital offences are taken to Penzance to the 

 justices of the county of Cornwall. The council holds a monthly 

 court at Hugh Town. A military commandant at St Mary's, and a 

 collector of the customs, are appointed by the authorities in London. 

 Two clergymen, employed by the Society for the Promotion 01 

 Christian Knowledge, are stationed here; they reside at St. Mary's 

 and Treaco respectively : when they cannot visit the churches on the 

 other islands, the service is performed by the clerks. The society also 

 supports schools on the principal islands; and distributes bibles, 

 prayer-books, and other religions books. The Baptists have some 

 preaching stations in the islands. 



The islanders are generally able to read and write ; their pronun- 

 ciation, though not unmarked by provincialism, is more correct than 

 from their remote situation would be expected. Their general con- 

 dition in poor; their employments are agriculture, kelp-making, fishing, 

 and pilotage. Sailing packets ply regularly twice a week between 

 Hugh Town and Penzance. Besides the Wolf, other dangerous rocks, 

 as the Bucks, Rennet, and Leven Stones, lie iu the course. If ear Leven 

 Stones, a floating light has lately been stationed by the Trinity House. 

 A light-house has been erected on Bishop Rock, in the south-west part 

 of the group. 



The Scilly Islands are generally considered to hare been the 

 Gnsiteridea of the Greeks. But it seems probable that the western 

 extremity of Cornwall must be included in the term Cassiterides, and 

 that the chief supply of tin was derived from it, for there are no traces 

 of workings in the islands sufficient to countenance the opinion that 

 much tin was ever obtained from them. 



Prom the time of the Romans, who used them occasionally as a 

 place of banishment, there is no notice of the islands in history until 

 their conquest by Atbelsten, king of England, who expelled the Danes 

 about the year 938. Of their ancient importance these islands retain 

 little trace. There are some primeval monuments; but the early 

 inhabitants appear to hare been replaced by other* of Saxon origin, 

 as indicated by their names, language, and customs. The Scilly Islands 

 are not enumerated as part of the duchy of Cornwall, in the original 

 grant of that duchy to the eldest son of the king of England. (13 

 Edward III.) Part of the islands, and the churches in all of them, 

 belonged to the abber of Tavistock ; but it was not until the Spanish 

 wars in the time of Elizabeth that the islands attracted much notice. 

 In the great civil war they were long held for toe king by Sir John 

 Greenville, or Qranville, who fitted oat armed Tassels, which made 

 sereral capture*. At length, in 1*51, a formidable armament, under 

 Admiral Blake and Sir George Ayscoe, effected tho reduction of the 

 islands. Sir Cloudesley Shovel was lost on the rocks which form the 

 south-western portion of the group, with his own ship and some 

 other*, on their return from Toulon, in 1707. 

 8CINDE. [SIXDK.] 

 8CIO. [Cmoa.] 



8CIOTA, KIVKR. [Mnnwrm.] 

 SCITUATE. [RHODE ISLAKD.] 

 BCLAVONIA. [SLAVOKIA.] 



[PnrrnBTBB.1 



BCOTIA, NOVA. [Nor A SCOTIA.] 



SCOTLAND. The general description rf this put of the kingdom 

 will be found under the head of GREAT BIUTAI*. Under the differ- 

 ent counties are mentioned the more remarkable historical events of 

 which each has been the theatre, with occasional notices of, or 

 references to, the early settlers. We propose her* briefly to recapitu- 

 late the leading facts in reference to the settlement of Scotland, 

 and the prominent points in its history till its establishment as a 

 k.!..- ! 



We first hear of the Soots as a people inhabiting Ireland, which 

 island they in the 5th century divided with the Hibcrni, the previous 

 inhabitants, over whom however they acquired so decided a superiority 

 as to be enabled to give their name to the country, which was 

 exclusively called Scotia from the 5th to the 10th century. In tho 

 beginning of the 8th century a colony of Scots from the north of 

 Inland emigrated to North Britain, and effected a settlement in the 

 district now constituting Argylesbire, to which they gave the name 

 at Dalriada, it is said, from their leader Riada. Here the Dalriadio 

 Scots tho 'Scot! qui Britanniam incolunt,' as they are called by Bede, 

 remained for more than 800 years, during which the rest of the 

 island to the north of the friths of Forth and Clyde formed the 

 kingdom of the Picts, which, while governed by one king, was divided 

 into two populations, the Northern or Highland Picts, and the Low- 

 bad or Southern Picts the Septentrionales sod Aostrales Picti of 

 BU 



The I 'Irtish king, Angus MacPergns, in 73*, effected a conquest of 

 Dalriada ; and a line of Pictuh princes reigned there till 819, when 

 the Datriadio family recovered their ancestral dominions. A victory 

 obtained by Constantino MacFergus, a descendant of Angus, in 789, 

 established the superiority of the southern Picts, and, being followed 



by a reign of 30 years, enabled Constantino to introduce the principle 

 of succession by descent, and to make the monarchy hereditary in 

 his family, instead of its being as formerly to some extent elective. 



In 843 the whole of North Britain was united under the sceptre of 

 Kenneth HacAlpin, originally king of the Scots of Dalriada, but 

 thenceforth styled king of the Picta. Throughout the 10th century, 

 North Britain, ruled as one kingdom by the successors of Kenneth 

 MacAlpiu, was known by the name of Albania, undoubtedly the 

 same with Albion, or Albin, which is the most ancient name attributed 

 to the island, and that by which the Gael of Scotland distinguish it 

 to this day. About the middle of this century however, we find the 

 name Scotland began to be applied to North Britain ; and from the 

 commencement of the llth century the people are designated the 

 Scots simply, and not the Scots of Britain, or of Albania, by way of 

 distinction from the main body of the nation, which had been till 

 now considered as settled in Ireland. 



Scotland proper at this date comprised only that part of the island 

 to the north of the Forth and Clyde. But the south of modern 

 Scotland, in whole or in part, was also occasionally comprised under 

 the same name. It may be divided into three districts : 1, Lodonia, 

 comprehending the Lothians ami other counties to the south, formed, 

 from the middle of the 5th century, a part of the Anglo-Saxon king- 

 dom of Bernicia, and the people appear to have been mainly Angles 

 from that date. The Northumbrian king Egfrid transferred it to the 

 Picts, and it was formally surrendered by Edgar to the Scottish king 

 Kenneth IV., in 971. 2, Strathclyde, comprehending, besides Lanark, 

 Renfrew, and the northern half of Ayrshire, at least the town aud 

 rock of Dumbarton, then called Alcluyd, which was its capital. This 

 was a Cymric or Welsh kingdom, and remained independent of the 

 Scottish crown till the defeat of its last king, Dunwallon, by 

 Kenneth III., in 973. 8, Galloway, which comprised the modern 

 counties of Kirkcudbright and Wigton, together with the southern 

 portion of Ayrshire. Its history is very obscure ; but it is spoken of 

 as having been a Pictish country so early as the 6th century, and 

 the English historians notice the Picts of Galloway as appearing in 

 the Scottish array at the battle of the Standard, fought in 11 33. The 

 district of Cumbria, lying within what is now called England, was 

 made over to Malcolm I., king of the Scots, by the Saxon king 

 Edmond I., in 948, and being held as an English fief, constituted an 

 appanage of the Scottish crown from that date down to the year 

 1072. 



The Orkney and Western Islands had been taken possession of by 

 the Norwegians in the end of the 9th century. Sigurd, the earl of 

 Orkney, and Thorstein the Red, who claimed the sovereignty of the 

 Western Isles, leaguing together, made a descent upon the mainland 

 in Scotland in 894, and, quickly overrunning the greater part of the 

 districts of Caithness, Sutherland, Ross, and Moray, established there 

 a Norwegian principality, which was maintained, though with much 

 contention, till the expulsion of the Norwegians in 993. This expul- 

 sion was effected by Malcolm, Maormor of Moray, who a few years 

 after, by the defeat and death of Kenneth V., obtained possession of 

 the throne under the title of Malcolm II. On his death a faction 

 raised to the throne another Malcolm, the son of Kenneth. This 

 Malcolm MacKenneth, immediately after his accession, proceeded to 

 dispossess Sigurd's son Thorfiun of Caithness, with which he had 

 been invested by his maternal grandfather ; and a long war followed 

 between the Scottish king and the Norwegian earl, which terminated, 

 in 1034, in the defeat and death of the former: events which were 

 forthwith followed by the complete subjugation of Scotland, as far 

 north as tho Frith of Taj, by Thorfinn, whoso kingdom thus founded 

 lasted for 80 years. 



On the death of Malcolm MacKenneth, the part of the country 

 that remained unsubdued acknowledged as his successor Duncan, son 

 of his daughter Bethoc, whose father Crinan, commonly designated 

 Abbot of Dunkeld, is believed to hare been one of the chiefs of the 

 Northern Picts. Duncan, in 1040, during a temporary absence of 

 Thorfinn, marched upon the dominions of that prince, and made his 

 way as far north as Moray without encountering resistance. At this 

 wint he was opposed, not by the Norwegians, but by the Gaelic 

 nhabitants, who were commanded by Macbeth, the Maormor of 

 Moray, who, attacking Duncan near Elgin, defeated and slew him, 

 and assumed the title of King of Scotland. Macbeth iu the south, 

 and Thorfinn in the north, reigned till the year 1054, when Macbeth 

 was attacked by a Saxon force, under Siward, earl of Northumberland, 

 which had been obtained from Edward the Confessor by Duncan's 

 eldest son Malcolm, who after his father's death had taken refuge at 

 he English court. This invasion terminated in the expulsion of 

 facbeth from the country south of the friths of Forth and Clyde, 

 and the establishment of Malcolm (surnamed Canmore, or Great Head), 

 as king of that part of Scotland. The authority of Malcolm con- 

 inned to be confined to the Lothians till 1053, when a second Saxon 

 invasion drove Macbeth as far north as Lumphanan in Aberdeeushire, 

 where he was overtaken and slain in battle. Thorfinn held his ground 

 till his death in 1064 , and it was not till 1085 that the whole of Scot- 

 land (except perhaps Caithness) was brought under subjection to 

 Malcolm. 



The reign of Malcolm Canmore terminated in 1093, and his death 

 immediately gave rise to a new conflict between two opposite prin- 





