'-. 



i . . . : 



SEBASTOPOL. 



473 



dpi* of MMMafcm to the throne the population of the Lowland*, 

 now to a great extent Saxon, supporting the claim of Duncan, the son 

 of Quuuon; the Celtio tribea of the north aanrting the right of 

 Maloolm'a brother, Donald Bane, in conformity with what it called the 

 tj Mini of lanUtrr, which, brought by the Dalriad* from their former 

 oouatry, Ireland, had probably till now regulated the mooeeaion in the 

 royal family, both in their fint teat and ainoe they had lucoeeded to 

 tlM Flotiah crown. In entering upon hit oontert with Duncan, Donald 

 OMM wat ud*tod by Magnus Barefoot, king of Norway, to whom at 

 tola time belonged the Weeteni Island*. This alliance enabled Donald 

 in the flret iiuUnoe to carry everything before him, am! the establwh- 

 mnit of las authority U aaid to have been immediately followed by 

 the expuUion of all the Saxon* who had willed in the Lowlands of 

 Sootland during the late feign ; but after a few month* Duncan came 

 against him with a numerous army {com England, permission to raise 

 which be had probably obtained from William Kufus,and Donald was 

 obliged to give way. It appears however that even Duncan was not 

 able to protect the Saxon settlers who had thus returned with him ; 

 be found it neoeawry to drive them all out of the country, a coucession 

 to the popular cry however by which he gained nothing, for as soon 

 aa hi. siibjecU found him thu deprived of foreign protection they put 

 him to death, and replaced hU uncle on the throne. Two years after- 

 wards another English army, conducted by Edgar Atheling, again 

 overpowered Donald, and set the crown on the head of Edgar, a 

 brother of Duncan. That result finally decided the contest between 

 the two principles of succession, and also the struggle for supremacy 

 between Celtic and Saxon Scotland. Edgar, whose accession took 

 place in 1097, was succeeded by bis brother Alexander I., and ho by 

 tut brother David I., whose reign extended to the year 1163. Ou the 

 aoceeeion of Malcolm the Maiden, a child only in his llth year, 

 attempts were made by the Highlanders to maintain, in opposition to 

 the feudal heir, the claim of William, a grandson of Malcolm Can- 

 morn's eldest ton Duncan ; but this new pretender was wholly 

 unsuccessful. 



It was not however till fully two centuries later that the rule of 

 the king of the Scots was completely established over tbe whole of 

 Scotland. The native chiefs appear for some time to have retained 

 poneetion of those district* which had formed part of Thorium's 

 kingdom ; the rest of the country, and the whole of it south of the 

 friths, acknowledged the king of Scotland. The Saxon inhabitants 

 perfected their Saxon institutions ; the country was divided into earl- 

 doms, and sheriffs and county courts were established over the entire 

 kingdom, except the extreme north. From the reign of Alexander's 

 successor, David I., we are to date the introduction of Norman insti- 

 tutions into Scotland. Of the great Highland chiefs, the earls of 

 Moray continued to be the most formidable till the year 1161, when 

 that ancient line was stripped of its power and its possessions by 

 Malcolm the Maiden, and the title it had enjoyed was transferred to 

 the earls of Mar. From the cession of the Hebrides by the Norwegians 

 in the year 12G6, the most powerful family of the north came to be 

 that of the Macdoualds, the Celtic chiefs of these islands, who styled 

 themselves Lords of the Isles ; but their strength, which had been 

 broken by the defeat of Donald, lord of the Isles, at the battle of 

 II. irl.i w, fought in 1411, was destroyed by the effective measures taken 

 to curb the Highland chiefs by James I. From this epoch may be 

 dated tbe complete reduction of Celtic Scotland under the sceptre 

 of the Saxon king of the Lowlands. The lordship of the Isles was 

 finally extinguished by the forfeiture of the last lord in 1493. 



SCOTTER. [LINCOLNSHIRE.] 



SCULCOATES, East Riding of Yorkshire, a suburb of Kingston- 

 upon-Uull [Hon.], which has been made the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union. Sculcoates Poor-Law Union contains 18 parishes and townships, 

 with an area of 45,004 acres, and a population in 1851 of 44,059. 



SCUTARI, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus, facing 

 Constantinople, of which it may be considered as a suburb. It is 

 built on the slope of a hill, and has eight fine mosques aud magnifi- 

 cent burying-grounds planted with cypresses. Many of the wealthier 

 Turk* of Constantinople choose to be buried at Scutari, from an old 

 tradition that their race will one day be driven out of Europe. There 

 are also fine country-houses and kiosks in the neighbourhood. The 

 late sultan Mahmud built handsome barracks at Scutari for his 

 regular troops. One of the best views of Constantinople is from the 

 hill just above Scutari. The population is estimated at from 35,000 

 to 60,000 inhabitants. The place is one of considerable traffic, being 

 the great thoroughfare between the capital and the Asiatic provinces 

 of the empire. The town occupies the site of the ancient Chrysopolia. 

 It* prevent name is a corruption of its Persian name Utkudur, which 

 mean* ' courier,' as the place has been from remote ages a post-station 

 for Asiatic couriers, and a rendezvous for caravans and travellers pro- 

 ceeding from Constantinople eastward. One of the greatest attractions 

 of Scutari U tbe convent of the howling and dancing dervishes. The 

 sultan Mahmud's barracks were occupied by the British troops on 

 tip ir advance to the Crimea in 1854, ami have since been converted 

 int.. an hodpital for the British army. 



where the Boyana issuer from it, and about 18 mile* from the coast of 



the Adriatic. It is a fortified town, and has two castles. The popu- 

 lation of Scutari is variously reckoned at from 16,000 to 40,000, more 

 than one-half of whom are Catholics. Scutari has manufactures of arms 

 and of woollen and cotton goods, an arsenal, a large bazaar, barracks, 

 several mosques, and Catholic and Greek churches. The fishery on the 

 lake constitutes a valuable branch of industry. The Lake of Scutari is 

 about 16 miles in length from north-west to south-east, and from 3 to 

 5 miles in breadth, and it contains several small islands. The lake 

 lies in the high land of Albania, and is surrounded by offsets of the 

 chain of Mount Scardus ; on the north it borders on Montenegro. 



SCYLLA. [CALABRIA.] 



SCYTHIA was a name originally given to a part of Europe, and 

 was for a long time restricted to that country. This Scythia, which is 

 described as a square of 4000 stadia by Herodotus (iv. 101), extending 

 from the later to the Palus Micotis, and from the sea (the Pontus) to the 

 MulaiichUcni. There is considerable difficulty in determining the 

 boundaries of the Scythia of Herodotus ; but it may be said in general 

 terms to have comprised the south-eastern part of Europe, between 

 the Carpathian Mountains and the Tanois or Don. According to the 

 account of Herodotus the Scythians were an Asiatic, perhaps a Mongol 

 people, who were driven from their settlements to the north of the 

 Araxes by the Massagetse, and after crossing that river descended into 

 Europe, and drove out the Cimmerians from the country, which was 

 afterwards called Scythia. The date of their migration into Europe 

 may be determined with tolerable accuracy, if the irruption of the 

 Cimmerians into Lydia in the reign of Ardys (about B.C. 640} was the 

 immediate consequence of their defeat by the Scythians. (Herod., L 15.) 

 The general and genuine name of the Scythiaus is said to have bceu 

 Scoloti ; the name of Scytlue or Scythians was given to them by tho 

 Greeks. (Herod., iv. 6.) 



The only two important events in the history of Scythia mentioned 

 by Herodotus are, 1st, the invasion of Media by the Scythiaus in the 

 reign of Cyaxares (B.C. 635-595), and their conquest of Asia as far as 

 the confines of Egypt, which they held for 28 years ; and, 2ndly, the 

 invasion of Scythia by Darius, the son of Hystaspes, iu which the 

 Persians were unsuccessful. 



In subsequent times the Scythians lost all their power. The Getaj 

 conquered a great part of the west of their couutry, and the Sauromatse 

 pressed upon them from the east; the latter people eventually obtained 

 possession of the greater part of Scythia, and gave their name to the 

 whole country. [SABMATIA.] Iu the time of Pliuy (' Hist. Nut.,' iv. 25) 

 the Scythians had become extinct as a people : their place was 

 occupied by the Germans and Sarmatiaus, and the Scythian name was 

 confined to the most remote and unknown tribes to the north. 



The name of Scythia began to be applied to the northern parts of 

 Asia in the Macedonian period. When, the Macedonians found ou the 

 Jaxartes nations resembling the Scythians, they gave the name of 

 Scythia to this part of Asia, and thus an Asiatic Scythia was supposed 

 lying to the east of the true one. 



In the time of Ptolemy the name of Scythia was given to the country 

 between Asiatic Scythia and Serica or (Jhiua : it was bounded on the 

 south by India. Its limits to the north were undefined. It was 

 divided into two parts by the Imaus, Hindu-Koosh, or Bolor-Tagh. 

 The western part was called Scythia iutra Irnaurn, and the eastern 

 Scythia extra Imaum. 



SEAFOKD. [SUSSEX.] 



SEAFORTH. [LANCASHIRE.] 



SEAHAM, a small sea-port in the county of Durham, is situated in 

 54 50' N. lat., 1 20' W. long., distant 16 miles E.N.E. from Durham, 

 aud 290 miles from London by the Great Northern aud North- 

 Eastern railways. The population of the township in 1851 was 729, 

 that of the ecclesiastical district of Seaham Harbour was 3538. The 

 living of Seaham is a vicarage ; that of St. John's, Seaham Harbour, 

 is a perpetual curacy, in the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham. 

 The town has been very much improved of late years, chiefly in 

 consequence of the well-directed efforts of its proprietor, the Marquis 

 of Londonderry. Several public buildings have been erected, including 

 a district church, a literary and scientific institute, and schools. Much 

 coal is shipped from the quay. 



SEARRA, or CEARRA. [BRAZIL.] 



SEATON. [CUMBERLAND.] 



SEATON CAREW. [DURHAM.] 



SEATON SLUICE, or SEATON DELAVAL. [NORTHUMBERLAND.] 



SEBASTOPOL, or SEVASTOPOL. In the article CRIMEA wo 

 have given an account of this town as it was. Recent events have 

 raised it iu interest, but must have greatly altered its appearance, and 

 our account would hardly apply to its present state. In October, 

 1854, the bombardment of it was commenced by the allied French aud 

 English ; the defence has been certainly vigorous aud skilful ; the 

 allied armies, particularly the English, suffered dreadfully from disease 

 during the winter, but in June, 1855, the assaults became more suc- 

 cessful, and several of the Russian outworks were takeu by the allied 

 forces. We may add that the little promontory upon a part of which 

 Sebastopol stands, is a spot of classical aud historical interest. Here 

 stood the temple of Diana, in which Iphigenia, the daughter of Aga- 

 memnon, was a priestess ; here also was the Eupatoria, founded by a 

 general of Mithridates the Great, king of Poutus, and the able opponent 

 of the Romans j while Balaklava (Bella Chiave, the 'beautiful quay') 





