SENNECKT-LE-ORAND. 



SERVIA. 



504 



with the luW. Two caravan-roads lead from Sennaar to El-Obetd 

 in KotdoAut. From El-Obeid the route passes westward to El-Tualier, 

 the pi<int capital of Dmr-Kur, and thence to Kobbe and Kubkabiyah. 

 Tb common commercial road from Sennaar to Oondar in Abyssinia 

 ran* in an eatt-eouth-eaitern direction to Ras-el-Fil, where the mer- 

 chant* of both countries meet and exchange their goods. 



Few of the articles imported into Sennaar are brought from 

 European markets. The principal articles imported from Egypt are 

 the sembil and mohleb, both of which are in great request in Sudan, 

 the former as a perfume and medicine, and the latter as a condiment. 

 The sembil is the Valeria oeltica or Spiga Celtics of the Italians, and 

 is chiefly grown in the southern provinces of the Austrian dominions ; 

 it is sent from Venice and Trieste to Alexandria. The mehleb is 

 brought from Armenia and Persia, and shipped at Smyrna and other 

 porU of Asia Minor for Egypt. It appears to be the fruit of a tilia. 

 Sugar is brought from Upper Egypt, and soap from Syria, where it is 

 manufactured. From Egypt are also imported many manufactured 

 articles, as takas (a sort of coarse cambric dyed blue), white cotton 

 stuffs with red borders made at Mehalla in the Delta, melayes (a blue 

 striped cotton cloth), linen made at Siout and Manfaloot, and sheep- 

 skins dressed with the wool on, which are often dyed blue and red, 

 and are used as saddle-cloths for the horses, dromedaries, and asses of 

 the natives, and as carpets for the women's apartments. Beads of 

 wood, of coloured glass, coloured agate, coral, and amber are imported 

 to a considerable extent. Paper, made in Genoa and Leghorn, goes to 

 Dar-Fur and other countries farther west. Brass-wire is in great 

 demand, as it is used for ornamenting the lances by twisting it round 

 different parts of the shaft. Of hardware, the most saleable articles 

 are common razors, files, thimbles, scissors, needles, nails, steels to 

 strike fire with, and sword-blades. The sword-blades are made at 

 Solingen on the Rhine. Tar is imported to make water-skins water- 

 proof, and to rub the backs of the camels. Silver trinkets for female 

 ornaments, such as bracelets and ear-rings, are imported in great 

 numbers ; most of them go to Dar-Fur. Looking-glasses of Venetian 

 and Trieste manufacture, with gilt covers, are a considerable article in 

 the Egyptian trade. 



The principal article of export is slaves. They are partly imported 

 into Seunaar from Abyssinia, Kordofan, and Dar-Fur, and partly 

 taken from the mowelled, or native slaves of the country. Damour, 

 or cotton-stuff, is always in great demand, as the cotton manufactories 

 of Sennaar and those of Begharmi furnish the greater part of north- 

 eastern Africa with articles of dress. Gold is partly got from the 

 mines in the Fungi and Nuba Mountains, and partly from Abyssinia. 

 Other important articles of export are ivory, mostly from Dar-Fur, 

 rhinoceros horns, musk, whips and other articles of leather, ebony, 

 the coffee brought from the western districts of Abyssinia, honey, and 

 ostrich feathers. India goods reach Sennaar by the way of Jidda and 

 Suakim. They consist of different sorts of cambric from Surat and 

 Madras, of coarse muslins from Bengal, of spices, especially cloves 

 and ginger, of India sugar, the beads called reysh, and sandal-wood. 



The inland trade of Sennaar is very active, partly in consequence of 

 the great number of caravans which continually traverse the country, 

 and create a great demand for camels, and partly on account of the 

 different productions of the several parts which constitute tlie province 

 of Beldd-es-Sudan. No gold currency is in use among the merchants 

 of Sennaar except unstamped pieces or rings of pure gold. They are 

 of different sizes, from 30 paras (2d.) to 240 piastres (SI.) ; and during 

 the whole time the market lasts an officer sits with the scales before 

 him, and weighs gold gratis for all persons. Spanish dollars are 

 current. In some parts the beads are used as small coin. 



tiutory. The ancient history of Sennaar is very little known. It 

 appears that it once formed a part of the empire of Abyssinia, and at 

 a Utter period of Nubia. In the 13th or 14th century it was wrested 

 from Nubia by a family which came originally from Teysafaan, a 

 country in Su.lan ; and at one time that family was in possession of 

 nearly all Nubia, the whole country from the secoud cataract to the 

 rnounUins of Fungi being subject to them. On the east their empire 

 included Suakim and a Urge tract of the coast of the Red Sea, and on 

 the west it extended beyond Kordofan. In the course of time the 

 sovereigns, called ' muks,' became too indolent to transact business, 

 and appointed a vizier, who soon possessed himself of all the power, 

 though he continued to pay outward respect to the muk. This took 

 place about two centuries ago, and since that time the power of 

 kanaar has been decreasing, and several chiefs have become nomi- 

 nally and really independent. In 1822 the country was invaded by 

 the army of Mohamed AH under Ismael Pasha. The vizier made no 

 resistance, but obtained good terms for himself, by which the southern 

 part of Seunaar, which lies within the mountains of Fungi, was left to 

 him as a vassal of the pasha of Egypt, and the muk was reduced to 

 the station of a private individual 



(Burckhardt, FrareU in Nubia; London Geographical Journal, 

 vols. IL v. ix. x.) 



SENN ECEY-LE-GRAND. [SAdKB-BT-LoiBE 1 



SENOUCHES. ["- -- ' 



SENS, an archiep 

 the chief town of tin 



Ttf 1 tut -I ft// T .---., w nivumwu lu AX US 



H. lat, A 17 1 E. long., on the right bank of the Yonne, 250 feet 

 above the level of the eea, 70 miles S.E. from Paris by the Lyon 



s IfcUB -L.IVUKAN a. I SAoHE-BT-LoiIiE.1 

 OUCHES. [EUKK-ET-LOIBJ 



^ an arohiepiscopal city in France, in the department of Yonne, 

 tf town of the fourth arrondissement, is situated in 48 11' 64" 



K 17' 19'' 1,' ]...... . Al-_ -_i_Ll I 1 * .1 



railway, and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a college, 

 and 10,355 inhabitants in the commune. It occupies the site of the 

 ancient Agendicum, which was afterwards called Senoncs from the 

 name of the people to whom it belonged, and thence is derived the 

 modern Sens. Agendicum or Seuones became under the Romans the 

 chief town of Lugdunensis Quarta, or Senonia. It became at the end 

 of the 1st century of the Christian era the seat of a bishop, and after- 

 wards of an archbishop. In the middle ages it was the capital of a 

 county, which was united to the crown by the kings Robert and 

 Henri I. The archdiocese of Sens is now united to that of Auxerre. 

 The archsee of Sens-et-Auxerre is co-extensive with the department of 

 Yonne ; the province of the archbishop comprises also the sees of 

 Troyes, Nevers, and Moulins. 



. The town is of an oval form, surrounded by ancient walls now 

 partly destroyed. Some of the large stones of the foundation bear 

 Roman inscriptions. Of the nine gates of the city, three belong to the 

 middle ages, and the rest are modern. The streets, with the exception 

 of that through which the Paris and Lyon road passes, are narrow and 

 crooked, and the houses generally ill-built. There are two bridges 

 over the Yonne, which is joined by the Vannes on the south side of 

 the town. The principal public buildings are the cathedral, which is 

 a large gothic structure of various dates, remarkable for the size and 

 good effect of its interior, for its painted windows, and for the height 

 of its tower; and the college, which is a modern structure. The 

 cathedral is nearly as large as the metropolitan church of Notrc-Dame 

 in Paris. In the apse end, behind the Grand Altar, is a spirited repre- 

 sentation of the martyrdom of St.-Savinien, first bishop of Sens. In 

 the middle of the choir is a white marble monument of the Dauphin 

 (father of Louis XVI.) and his wife Maria Josepba. In one of the 

 chapels of the nave is a beautiful sculptured altar-piece, representing 

 the principal scenes of the Passion. In one of the suburbs is a church 

 dedicated to St-Savinien, which dates from the llth century. Many 

 houses in the town date from the 14th and 15th centuries, and many 

 of them are adorned with sculptures. There are public baths, a 

 theatre, an hospital, an ecclesiastical seminary, and some pleasant 

 public walks. 



The chief manufactures are of glove- and shoe-leather, cotton-yarn, 

 straw and chip hats, woollen stuffs, polished steel, glue, beer, candles, 

 spirits, tiles, and earthenware. The chief trade is in corn and flour for 

 the supply of Paris, wines, wool, hemp, tiles and bricks, bark, leather, 

 tan, timber, &c. Linen is bleached. Sens has a public library of 

 6600 volumes, and a museum. 



SEPULVEDA. [CASTILLA LA VIEJA.] 



SERAING. [LIEGE.] 



SERAMPOOR. [HINDUSTAN.] 



SEREGIPE DEL REY. [BRAZIL.] 



SERETH, RIVER [AUSTRIA.] 



SERINAGUR. [CASHMERE.] 



SERINGAPATAM. [HINDUSTAN.] 



SERK, or SERQUE. [GUERNSEY.] 



SERPA. [ALEMTEJO.] 



SERPUCHOW. [Moscow, Government of.] 



SERRA CAPRIOLA. [CAPITANATA.] 



SERRAVALLE. [GENOA.] 



SERRES. [ALPES, BASSES.] 



SERVAN, ST. [iLLE-ET-VlLAINE.] 



SERVIA, or SERBIA, a political division recently formed by decree 

 of the emperor of Austria, consisting of portions of South Hungary and 

 Slavonia. It is styled the Woiwodschaft of Servia and Temeswar Bauat, 

 and includes the Banat of Temeswar (comprising the counties of Bacz 

 Bodrogh, Torontal, Temea, and Krasso, in other words, the territories 

 of the Baczka and the Banat), and the Syrmian districts of Ruma and 

 Illok. The emperor is styled Grand-Woiwode, and the actual governor 

 Vice-Woiwode, who resides in Teinesvar, and is assisted by a minis- 

 terial commission and a native administrative council. The woiwode- 

 schaft is divided into 5 districts. It has an area of 11,528 square 

 miles, drained by the Maros, the Temes, the Theiss. and the Danube. 

 The population amounts to 1,426,221 Serbs, Wallachs, Germans, aud 

 Hungarians. [CROATIA; HONOARY; TEMESWAR.] 



SERVIA (Syrp, Serbie), nominally an eyalet or province of European 

 Turkey, in reality a tributary principality governed by an hereditary 

 prince, was an integral part of European Turkey till the beginning of 

 the present century. It is bounded N. by the Danube and the Save, 

 which separate it from Austria, E. by Wallachia aud Bulgaria, S. by 

 Rumili and Albania, and W. by Bosnia, from which it is separated by 

 the Driua, an affluent of the Save. The length of Servia from east 

 to west is about 145 miles, from north to south about 150 miles. It 

 lies entirely in the basin of the Danube, which river is joined by the 

 Save, and afterwards by the Morava, which crosses the centre of 

 Servia from south to north, receiving numerous affluents ; those on 

 its western or left bank come from the Mounts Stalatz, an offset of the 

 Dinaric Alps which divide the waters of the Morava from those of 

 the Drina, and those on its eastern bank from the Bulgarian Moun- 

 tains which are offsets of the Balkan range. Servia is a country of 

 mountains and valleys, in great part covered with ancient forests. 

 The country has excellent pastures, in which are reared numerous 

 herds of cattle. The population of Servia is about a million, mostly 

 belonging to the Greek Church. The Servians, or Serbs, are a branch 



