or 



SERVIAN. 



SEVERN. 



|B* kept p the innom-ction about Japodino, in the southern li- 

 trieta, but WM at Ut obliged to accept the amnesty offered by the 

 puli* for himaelf and follower*. The Turks however having contrived 

 to frt into their hand* the leaden of this last insurrection, shot a 

 number of them, regardle** of the amnesty, and empaled thirty-six 

 of them at Belgrade, in front of the pasha's palace in 1815. Milosch 

 Uoweif effected bu escape: be ran to the mountains, and the 

 inronwction began nfresh. Having assembled the Heyduks and the 

 fugitives and emigranta of the former insurrection, he attacked 

 the kiaya, or lieutenant of the pasha, who had advanced against him 

 from Belgrade at the bend of 10,000 men. The kiaya was defeated 

 with the Ion of his artillery and baggage. The pasha came out of 

 Ifelgrade with the rest of his troops, and was likewise defeated, and 

 obliged to retire to Keupri under an escort given him by Milosch. 

 Kunchid, pasha of Bosnia, sent another army under his lieutenant 

 Ali, who was defeated, taken prisoner, and sent back to his master 

 with presents. Milosch afterwards went himself to the camp of 

 Kunchid Pasha to undertake negotiations of peace. The only article 

 upon which they could not agree was that Milosch wished the Servians 

 to remain armed, to which the pasha would not consent When 

 MOoeeh rose to mount his horse, the pasha's janizaries fell upon him, 

 but Ali, who had been so generously treated by Milosch, interposed, 

 representing that Milosch had come spontaneously and under a safe 

 conduct, which ought not to be broken. Ali's firmness saved Milosch, 

 who was allowed to depart. The negotiations continued; Servian 

 deputies were sent to Constantinople, and at last a finnan of peace 

 came, appointing another pasha friendly to the Servians. The forta 

 of Belgrade, Zabatz, Ujitza, Semendria, and Sokol were to remain in 

 the hands of the Turks, but the Servians retained the administration 

 of the country, their senate, and they alone taxed themselves. Mean- 

 while Kara George was living in Bessarabia, where he seems to have 

 entered into the Russian schemes for overthrowing Turkey. He retired 

 to Servia with some confederates, with a design of raising the standard 

 of insurrection, and was betrayed, it is said at the instigation of 

 Milosch, into the bands of the Turks, who put him to death as he 

 slept in a hot. 



Milosch restored with some modification the constitution established 

 by Kara George. Ho created a provincial administration ; every 

 district or knef has its Uneven, or civil officer, and every great division 

 or province has its obar-kneven, all of whom are paid by the treasury. 

 Judicial courts were established in the various districts. A code, based 

 mainly on the French code, was compiled. The clergy were made 

 amenable to the same courts as the laity. Belgrade has a small 

 Turkish garrison, and is the residence of a pasha, who has no direct 

 authority in the affairs of the country. Servia pays a fixed amount of 

 tribute to the Porte, which is yearly delivered by the prince into the 

 bands of the pasha. The natives of Servia are allowed to trade all 

 over the Ottoman empire, when furnished with Servian passports. 

 By an imperial Haiti Sherif, issued in 1830, religious liberty, here- 

 ditary succession in the family of Milosch, the formation of a national 

 militia, the right of erecting schools and hospitals, and the adminis- 

 tration of public justice were among the privileges confirmed to, or 

 conferred upon, the Serbs. For several years after this Miloach gave 

 himself up to amassing wealth ; when the senate established by the 

 new constitution determined to examine the public accounts, he 

 suddenly retired to Semlin. He soon returned however, and fomented 

 a revolt against the senate. His complicity being discovered, he 

 resigned his post, and withdrew to Bucharest He was succeeded by 

 Prince Milan, after whoso death Prince Michael, the second son of 

 Miloach, became ruler of the Serbs. Michael after a short period of 

 power was deprived of the princely functions, for practices similar to 

 those of his father : and Alexander, son of Kara George, the present 

 ruler of Servia, was raised to the princely dignity. 



The senate of Servia consists of 17 members chosen for life, from 

 the most influential persons in the principality ; they are irremovable 

 by the prince, on whom they form a constitutional check. Since 1850 

 no Turk is allowed to hold real property in Servia, or to reside in it, 

 except In one or other of the five fortresses before named. The Serbs 

 are said to be favourable to the views of Russia, to which power they 

 are akin in blood, language, and religion, and to whose intrigues they 

 are mainly indebted for their favourable relations with the Porte. 



SKKV1AN. [HfeBAULT.] 



8ESIA, RIVER. [P6.] 



SESIA, VAL DI, or VALSESIA. [NoVARA.1 

 JKSSA. [LAVOBO, TEBBA DI.] 



OS, the chief city of the Thracian Chersoneeus, was situated 

 illospont Theopompua says that Sestos was a small but 



11-fortified town, which was connected with tho port by a wall of 



feet; and that, owing to ite position, and the current from the 

 Yopontta, it commanded tho channel At the close of the great 



nian war the town was besieged by the Athenians, and tho iuhabit- 

 *"^ *^. g reduced to the greatest straits by famine, opened the 

 gate*. The capture of S.-sto (B.O. 479) terminated this great cam- 

 ain, which was signalised by the victories of Salamia, Platam, and 



) ' Herodotu8 *- 



PONENTK [G " NOA - ] 



SETEEF. 



SETTLE, West Riding of Yorkshire, a market-town, and the scat 

 of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish of Giggleswick, is situated in a 

 mountainous district near the left bank of the river Riddle, in 54 4' 

 N. lat, 2 18' W. long., distant 54 miles W.N.W. from York, 285 miles 

 N.N.W. from London by road, and 253 miles by the North-\\ 

 railway. The population of the township of Settle in 1851 was 1976. 

 The living is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of Craven and 

 diocese of Ripon. Settle Poor-Law Union contains 31 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 154,591 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 13,762. 



The town is situated at the foot of a limestone rock upwards of 200 

 feet high, called the Castleberg. The parish church is at Giggleftwick, 

 on the opposite side of the river, over which there is a stone bridge. 

 In the town is a neat church in the early English style, built in 1838. 

 The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists, Independents, and Quakers 

 have places of worship. There are National and Infant schools, a 

 literary society, a mechanics institute, a news-room, and a savings 

 bank. The Public Buildings is an Elizabethan edifice, erected in the 

 market-place in 1832. Cotton-manufactures are carried on; the 

 machinery is worked by water-power. Ropes and paper are made. 

 The land in the neighbourhood, which is chiefly used for grazing, is 

 exceedingly rich. The market is held on Tuesday ; fairs for cattle aro 

 held frequently, and pleasure fairs twice or thrice in the year. A 

 county court is held in the town. 



SETUBAL. [ESTBEMADURA, Portuguese.] 



SEVASTOPOL. [CRIMEA ; SEBASTOPOL.] 



SEVENOAKS, Kent, a market-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law 

 Union, in the parish of Sevenoaks, is situated in 51 16' N. lat, 11' 

 E. long., distant 17 miles W. from Maidstoue, and 23 miles S.S.E. from 

 London. The population of the town of Sevenoaks in 1851 was 1850. 

 The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Maidstone and diocese 

 of Canterbury. Sevenoakg Poor-Law Union contains 16 parishes and 

 townships, with an area of 67,488 acres, and a population in 1851 of 

 22,095. 



The town is situated on an eminence which forms the northern 

 brow of the chalk-marl aud greensand range of high lands, in the 

 midst of a fertile and well-cultivated district. The streets are lighted 

 with gas. The church is a spacious and handsome edifice, with a 

 lofty square tower ; it is chiefly in the perpendicular style. There 

 are places of worship for Wesleyan Methodists and Baptists. The 

 Grammar school, founded in 1418 by Sir William de Sevenoke, or 

 Sennocke, a foundling brought up by some charitable person in this 

 town, is free to boys for classics only, and has two exhibitions of 651. 

 a year each : in 1854 there were 8 scholars on the foundation. This 

 school, and a large range of almshouses founded at the same time by 

 Sevenoke, is under the government of a corporation consisting of two . 

 wardens and four assistants. An endowed school, founded by Lady ' 

 Margaret Boswell, provides for the instruction of 200 children. The 

 market is on Saturday, chiefly for corn ; a market held on the third 

 Friday of each month for cattle has declined. There are two yearly 

 fairs. 



Adjoining Seveuoaks is Knole Park, one of the finest mansions in 

 the kingdom. It is very spacious, of different dates, and contains a 

 large and valuable collection of paintings, as well as much curious old 

 furniture ; it stands in a noble park of 800 acres, well stocked with 

 deer aud abounding with stately trees, especially beeches : both 

 mansion and park aro open to the public. 



SEVER, ST. [LANDES.] 



SEVERAC-LE-CHATEAU. [AVEYRON.] 



SEVERE, STE. [INDRE.] 



SEVERN. The Severn is the finest, and, next to tho Thames, the 

 largest and most important of British rivers. The original name of 

 the Severn was Hafren, of which Severn is only a corruption. It was 

 subsequently called by the Romans Sabrina, a name given to it, as is 

 Baid, in consequence of the fate of Sabra, or Sabrina, who was the 

 daughter of Locrine, king of Britain, by Estrildis, a captive virgin, in 

 order to unite himself to whom Locrine had divorced his former 

 queen Gwendolen. On the death of the king, Gwendolen assumed 

 command, and caused Sabrina and her mother to be drowned in tho 

 Hafren, which from that time received her name. Milton, iu his 

 ' Comus," has made Sabrina the goddess of the river. 



The Severn rises on the western border of MONTGOMERYSHIRE, from 

 a chalybeate spring on the eastern side of Plinlimmon, at a very con- 

 siderable elevation, and within a very short distance from the sources 

 of the rivers Wye and RhiedoL It flows eastward about 12 miles to 

 Llanidloes, as far as which place it still retains the original British 

 name of Hafren. At Llanidloes the Severn receives the waters of the 

 Clywedog ; and thence it inclines to the north-east by Newtowu and 

 Welshpool ; near the latter place it becomes navigable for small boats 

 and barges. Some distance below Welshpool it is joined by the 

 Vyrnwy, and about a uiile lower quits Montgomeryshire. 



Previous to entering SHROPSHIRE, the Severn inclines to the east, 

 and this is its general direction through the vale of Shrewsbury. 

 From the town of Shrewsbury, which it nearly surrounds, it takes a 

 south-eastern course through Coalbrookdale to Bridgenorth, and 

 enters Worcestershire a short distance above the town and port of 

 Bewdley. The principal tributaries of the Severn in Shropshire 



