sir 



SHAGNAN. 



SHANNON. 



613 



Union comprises 19 parishes, with an area of 36,493 acres, and a 

 population in 1851 of 13,029. 



Shaftesbury is supposed to be the Caer Palladwr of the Britons. 

 It ap[>. ars to hare been a station of the Romans. It was burnt by 

 the Danes and restored by King Alfred. Tbe name was variously 

 written before it was fixed in its present form, which is sometimes 

 altered into Shaston, or, in closer resemblance, Shafton. In the reign 

 of Athelstan there were in the place two mints and an abbey of 

 Benedictine nuns. To this abbey the body of King Edward the 

 Martyr was conveyed after his murder at Corfe Castle. The posses- 

 sion of this relic attracted many visitors, and among others Canute 

 the Great, who died at Shaftesbury in 1036. In 1313-14 Elizabeth, 

 wife of Robert Brace, king of Scotland, was detained as a prisoner 

 in the abbey. Shaftesbury was incorporated in the reign of James I. 

 From the time of Edward I. till the passing of the Reform Act the 

 borough returned two members to Parliament. 



The town is built on a hill ruing abruptly in the midst of a fertile 

 district, and commanding an extensive view of the counties of Dorset, 

 Somerset, and Wilts. It is lighted with gas and partially paved. 

 .St. Ivter's church, in the middle of the town, consists of a nave and 

 chancrl, with aisle*, and a square embattled tower : it is a building of 

 oemndrrable antiquity, much defaced by modern alterations. Trinity 

 church, which is united in the same benefice with St. Peter's, was 

 rebuilt in Is42, in the early English style. It stands in a spacious 

 churchyard, hud out with rows of lime-trees. St. James's church is 

 a neat building, consisting of a nave and chancel, and an embattled 

 tower. St. Rombald'*, or Rowald's, consists of a small nave and 

 chancel, with a low square tower of modern date. The Independents, 

 Werlevan Methodists, and Quakers have place* of worship. There 

 are National, British, and Infant schools ; also an endowed Blue-Coat 

 school, in which 20 boy* are clothed and educated for four years and 

 then provided with a liberal ram for apprenticeship. In the vestry- 

 room of Trinity church is an excellent theological library, established 

 by the aid of the late Dr. Bray, for the nse of the neighbouring clergy. 

 Tbe town has a public reading-room, a *aving-bank, and some 

 parochial charities". The town-hall is a handsome edifice, erected at 

 the expense of the Marquis of Westminster. The trade of the place 

 is limited to the sale of agricultural produce, particularly of butter 

 and chew*, from the fine grazing lands of the district There is a 

 weekly market on Saturday, and fiiirs are held on the Saturday before 

 Palm-Sunday, June 24th, and November 28rd. Quarter and petty 

 Marion* and a county court are held in the town. 



SHA;NAN. {BADAKMHAH.] 

 KB. [PERSIA.] 



SHAHJKHANPOOR. [HlWDOTtAS.] 



SI I A MA K HER. [OBOROU.) 



8HANAGOUJEN. [LniKRicK.] 



8UANU-HAK, or 8HANO-HA1, a Ma-port in China, the most 

 northerly and most important of the ports opened to foreigner*, is 

 built on the left bank of the river Woo-sung, which is properly only 

 the channel by which the water* of the Lake Tahoo. or Tai (the Great 

 Lake), are discharged into the sea, in 31" 25' N. lat, 120' 40' K. long. 

 The population of the dry is somewhat under 150,000, but the 

 suburbs are also densely peopled. 



Though the course of the Woo-*ung scarcely exceeds fifty miles, it 

 bring* down a great volume of water, is very deep, and readily navi- 

 gable. Opposite the town of Shang-hae, which is about ten mile* from 

 its mouth, the depth in the middle of the stream varies from 8 to 8 

 fathoms, so that the largest vessel* can come up to the harbour, and 

 unload alongside of the commodious wharfs and largo warehouses 

 which occupy the banks of the river. At this place the Woo-sung 1* 

 nearly half a mile wide. Two forts defend the month of the river ; 

 and on the city aid* of the river is quay more than two miles long, 

 and protected by two batteries. 



The city, which i* very Urge, is surrounded by wall nearly three 

 mile* and a hlf in circuit. A canal extends around the exterior of 

 the wall, and from it three canal* traverse the city, lesser branches 

 diverging from them in various directions. The streets are narrow, 

 and many of them are paved with small tiles, similar to Dutch 

 clinkers, which make a more agra^ablu footing than the slippery 

 granite with which other town* in China are paved. In every part 

 of the city an jots-house*, or temple*, belonging to the various sects, 

 though little sanctity appear* to be attached to them. There are also 

 everal benevolent institutions, a* the Jung-jin tang, or Hall of Bene- 

 volence, a hospital, providing lodging and medical aid for the sick, 

 burial for the unclaimed dead, and education for the young ; a found- 

 Bog hospital, Ac. The government office* are not remarkable. There 

 are in the city a mint, and considerable manufactorie* of vegetable 

 oil*, oil-cake, iron-ware, glass, paper, and flowered silk of a peculiar 

 kind. Than an several very large ice-houses in the city. The shops in 

 Shang-hae an generally small, but wares of all descriptions, European 

 a* well a* Chinese, are exhibited for tale ; the specimens of Chinese 

 kill and ingenuity are of almost endless variety, and many of much 

 costlinru. I). i Halde, in his Description of China,' says, that in 

 thi* <own and iU neighbourhood 200,000 weavers are occupied in 

 making plain cotton* and muslins ; and Lindsay adds, that the nan- 

 keen cloth from Sbang-hae i* said to be the best in the empire : but late 

 vnt hare produced many change*. 



As a commercial city Shang-hae is the most important on the coast 

 of China. Its wharfs are crowded with vessels from all partoof China, 

 Singapore, Borneo, Java, &c., as well as with the larger craft of 

 Europe and America : it is said that as many as 3000 junks may be at 

 times seen lying off Shang-hae, and 400 have been counted entering 

 the port in a week. Our surprise at the great amount of native com- 

 merce will cease if we consider that there is no harbour on the Chinese 

 coast between 30 and 35 N. lat, or between the bay of Ningpo on 

 the south, and the peninsula of Shantung on the north. On this tract 

 of coast the two largest rivers of China, the Yellow River and the 

 Yant-se-kiang, enter the sea, and they bring great quantities of earthy 

 matter, which tbey deposit along the coast, and thus render the whole 

 tract inaccessible to boats beyond the size of a fishing-barge. The 

 Woo-sung is the first river south of the Yant-se-kiang which is deep 

 enough for the purposes of navigation, and hence the whole maritime 

 commerce of this tract is concentrated at Shang-hae. The country 

 which lies at the back of the coast is the most populous part of China, 

 and contains many very large towns, among which those of Soo-taheou- 

 foo and ILing-taheou-foo, both far more populous than Shan*-uae, and 

 there are others which contain considerably over 100,000 inhabitants, 

 among which is the ancient capital of China, Nanking. [NANKING.] 

 According to the Chinese census the country between 30 and 35" N. 

 lat., extending- from the sea about 200 miles inland, and comprehend- 

 ing the ancient province of Ki-an-gnan, or the present provinces of 

 Ngan-hoe and Keang-soo, contains, on a surface not exceeding 70,000 

 square miles, a population of more than 40,000,000, or about 600 

 inhabitants to each square mile. Such a population cannot subsist 

 on the produce of the soil even in the high state of agriculture by 

 which this region is distinguished above all other parts of China. 

 That portion of the immense quantity of grain carried into the port of 

 Shang-hae which is not consumed in the town and its neighbourhood, 

 is conveyed to the centre and even the western districts of China 

 Proper, by the numerous canab which are connected with the Imperial 

 Canal, or Yoon-ho, and the two great rivers above-mentioned. The 

 exports consist of black- and green-teas, camphor, drugs, cotton, and 

 manufactured goods, and the inhabitants pay for the food which they 

 obtain from other countries by supplying their inhabitants with cotton, 

 (ilk, and lin"n fabrics. Very large quantities of opium are imported. 

 Sugar, edible birds'-nests, Ac., are brought from the Eastern Archipe- 

 lago; and cotton and woollen goods, hardware, Ac., from England. 



Shang-hae was captured by the English in 1841 In 1853 it fell 

 into the hands of the rebels [CHINA, vol. it coL 483], but has since 

 been retaken by the Imperialist*. Since 1842, when the port was 

 thrown open to foreigners, and British and American consuls allowed 

 to reside at Shang-hae, a larger number of merchants, chiefly natives 

 of England and the United States, have formed establishments there, 

 and their residence* and places of business make quite a new town. 

 Many of their booses are of a superior class, and their gardens, for 

 which Shang-hae has always been famous, rival and even surpass those 

 of the Chinese, The progress of the rebellion has a good deal inter- 

 fered with the prosperity of the place, and the English and American 

 merchant* have found it necessary to repel by force the encroachments 

 of the Imperialists, and even to attack their entrenched camp. 



8HANKLIN. [WIGHT, ISLE OF.] 



SHANNON, a river of Inland, one of the largest in the kingdom, 

 ha* a course of 220 miles, and affords a navigable line of communi- 

 cation, which nearly intersects Ireland from north to south. It rises 

 about 20 miles east from Sligo, and expanding at intervals into lakes, 

 falli into the sea between the Loop and Kerry heads, 58 miles below 

 Limerick. The Shannon is the outlet for the waters of an immense 

 tract of country, and it gives facilities for commercial intercourse, 

 not only by it* communication with the sea, but also with the metro- 

 polis by means of two canals. This river must be viewed under two 

 distinct heads, as it is locally known under two distinct names, namely 

 the Lower Shannon, including that portion of the river below Lime- 

 rick, which is connected with the external commerce of the country; 

 and the Upper Shannon, from its source down to Limerick, which is 

 connected with its internal commerce. 



The source of this noble stream i* generally considered to be a 

 circular basin of about 20 feet in diameter, situated at the southern 

 base of the Cuilcagh Mountain, in Cavan county, whence it flows in a 

 deep dead sluggish stream into Lough Allen, in the county of Leitrim 

 [[.EITRIX, County of], a small basin about 8 miles long and 3 to 4 miles 

 broad, lying in the midst of a coal district, and 115 feet below the 

 level of the source. Other small streams fall into this lake, almost 

 any one of which may be considered the parent of this great river. 

 Of these the largest are the Owenmore and the Dorbally, which join 

 the Shannon before falling into the lake. 



Leaving Lough Allen, the river is so obstructed by shallows, that a 

 canal, parsing to the eastward of it was cut, and since improved by 

 the Shannon Commissioners, from its southern extremity near Drum- 

 ihambo, to Battle-Bridge, a distance of nearly 5 miles ; on this, as on 

 most of the canals cut for the Shannon navigation, the full is over- 

 come by locks. From this point the river runs in a southerly direction, 

 with a mid-channel depth varying from 5 to 20 feet, for 6 miles, when 

 it receive* the Boyle River from Lough Oara and Lough Key. By 

 the removal of shoals, and the construction of a regulating weir and 

 a lock at Knockvicar, near the entrance to Lough Key. the river has 



