035 



SUEZ. 



SUFFOLK. 



wards returning to the east, until it again reaches the straight line. 

 In the southern part of this depression the canal of Necho had been 

 made. Near 30 10' N. lat. are several lakes called the Bitter Lakes, 

 from the taste of their waters. Up to these lakes the direction of the 

 depression is due north, or nearly so, but the Likes themselves turn to 

 the north-west, and extend to 30 30' N. lat. without interruption. 

 Not far from the northern extremity of the Bitter Lakes are tha ruins 

 of a temple of Serapis. At a short distance to the north of these 

 ruins is another depression, containing a small lake called Temsab, 

 which ia dry during the greater part of the year, but filled with water 

 when the inundations of the Nile have attained their greatest height. 

 From the Nile the water reaches this lake by a depression, in which 

 the canal of Necho had originally been led. Northward of the Lake 

 Temsah are some salt-marshes called Karasb, which occupy a space of 

 a few miles in length from north to south. Between the salt-marshes 

 and the Lake of Bellah is a similar stony country. The last-mentioned 

 lake may be considered as the most southern branch of Lake Menzaleb, 

 being united to it by low ground and marshes, which during the inun- 

 dations of the Nile are covered with water. East of these lakes ia a 

 low stony tract, which, about 31 N. lat., joins the plain of Pelusinm. 

 The plain is a dead flat, with a sandy arid soil, in many parts covered 

 with a thin layer of salt When the water attains its greatest height 

 in the Nile, the plain of Pelusium is almost entirely covered. At its 

 eastern extremity is the small village of Tyneh, and about a mile to 

 the south-west of it are a few ruins, which are supposed to be those of 

 the ancient town of Pelusium. But no traces of the bed of that arm of 

 the Nile, the Pelusiac, the name of which was derived from that town, 

 can be discovered in any part of the plain. The country which 

 extends to the west of the line described is covered with horizontal 

 strata of sandstone, and presents few inequalities, except towards tho 

 south. The country which lies to the east of the line is stony as far 

 south as the south end of the Lake of Bellah on the north, and as far 

 north as the caravan-road from Cairo to Suez on the south, but that 

 part of the country which intervenes between these two points is 

 entirely covered with sand. A French engineer has recently obtained 

 the authorisation of the Pasha of Kgypt to cut a ship-canal, 92 miles in 

 length, across the isthmus. 



SUEZ, a town situated at the head of the westernmost of the two 

 arms or "gnlfs " in which the Red Sea terminates, ia in 29 57' 30" 

 N. lat, 82 31' 38" E. long., and 624 geographical miles E. from Cairo. 

 Suez is walled on three aides, being open to the sea on the north-cut, 

 where is the harbour and a good quay. Within the walls are many 

 open places, and several khans built around large courts. The house* 

 are in general poorly built. There is a bazaar, or street of shops, 

 tolerably furnished with goods from Cairo. The inhabitants are about 

 1200 Modems and 150 Christians of the Greek Church. The transit 

 of the productions and merchandise of the east from the Red Sea to 

 tho Nile has always made this an important station, and caused the 

 existence of a city in the vicinity, though Suez itself as a town cannot 

 be traced to an earlier origin than the early part of the 16th century. 

 The concourse of pilgrims who annually embark here for Mecca has 

 also rendered necessary a town at this station. The circumstance of 

 this port being the point of communication between Europe and India 

 in connection with the Overland Mail, has given an impulse to the 

 prosperity of Suez ; but from the want of fresh water, and of every 

 kind of verdure and cultivation, it can never become more than a place 

 of passage, which both the traveller and inhabitant will quit as soon 

 as possible. 



Sl'KAID-KOH. [AFGHAKISTAK.] 



St.TFOLK, a maritime county on tho east coast of England, lying 

 between 51 56' and 52 87' N. lat, 23' and 1 46' ETlong. It is 

 bounded N. by Norfolk ; E. by the German Ocean ; 8. by Essex ; and 

 W. by Cambridgeshire, from which it is separated by the river Lark, 

 a feeder of the Great Ouse. The greatest length is from north-east to 

 south-west, from Southtown, a suburb of Great Yarmouth, to near 

 It iv.Thill, 68 miles; the greatest breadth, nearly at right angles to 

 the length, is from the bank of the Little Ouse, in tho north-west 

 corner of tho county, to Landguard Fort, opposite Harwich, 52 miles. 

 The area of the county is 1454 square miles, or 947,681 statute acres : 

 the population in 1841 was 315,073; in 1851 it was 337,215. 



Surface; Coatt-Line. The surface of this county is gently undulat- 

 ing, except just along the north-western and some parts of the north- 

 eastern border, where the land subsides into a marshy flat, secured 

 from overflow only by embanking the course of the rivers. Some 

 mantles also border the rivers in the south-east part, but none of 

 these are of any extent. The highest ground in the county, as deter- 

 mined by the course of the waters, forms a ridge of crescent-like shape, 

 extending through the centre of the county. It may be indicated by 

 a line drawn from the neighbourhood of Lowestoft in the north-east, 

 between Bungay and Halesworth, to the neighbourhood of Duben- 

 ham ; and thence to the western border of the county, passing between 

 Stowmarket and Ixwortli, between Bury and Lavenham, and between 

 Newmarket and Clare. The waters which flow northward from this 

 line'fill into the Wavency or the Oune ; while those which flow south- 

 ward join the Stour, the Orwell, the Debcn, or other streams flowing 

 into tiic German Ocean. 



The cost hat a tolerably regular outline, convex to the sea. The 

 bay* are shallow, and the headlands have little prominence. Hollesley 



Bay, Aldeburgh, or Alclborough Bay, and Southwold, or Sole Bay, are 

 the chief bays. The headlands are the point on which Laudguard 

 Fort ia placed, at the entrance of the jestuary of the Orwell and the 

 Stour, opposite Harwich ; the point at Bowdsey ; Orford Ness, near 

 Orford; the point near the village of Thorpe; Easton Ness; and 

 Lowestoft Ness, the most easterly point in Great Britain. The har- 

 bours are the actuaries of the rivers Stour and Orwell, Dsbcn, Butley, 

 or Aide, Blyth, and Yare, and the artificial cut through lake Lothing 

 into the Waveney. The testuary of the Stour and the Orwell ia for 

 the most part lined with marshes. 



The sea-shore from Landguard Fort is lined for about two miles 

 with sand-hills, and thence for two miles, nearly to the sestuary of the 

 Deben, by low cliffs of crag upon blue-clay. Beyond the sestuary of 

 the Deben (which ia skirted by a narrow line of marsh-land) cliffs of 

 similar formation to those just mentioned recommence, and extend 

 nearly three miles to the point at Bowdsey. The entire coast of the 

 county is estimated at above fifty miles in extent, a great portion being 

 low and marshy, and the remainder lined with cliffs of shingle or 

 gravel, and red loam. 



Oeoloyy, <tc. The greater part of the county is covered by diluvial 

 beds. The exceptions are the crag and London clay district of the 

 south-east, and the chalk district of the north-west The crag and 

 London clay district may be considered as bounded by a line drawn 

 from Orford by Woodbridge and Ipswich to the banks of the Stour, 

 between Sudbury and Nayland. The chalk is found to the north-west 

 of a line drawn from Euston, near Thetfoi-d, to Bury St. Edmunds, 

 and thence west by south to the border of the county. The crag 

 formation consists chiefly of thin layers of quartzose-sand and com- 

 minuted shells, resting sometime* on chalk, sometimes on the London 

 clay. It is divided into the red-crag and the coralline-crag. Lyell 

 refers the crag formations to the Older Pliocene period. The thick- 

 ness of the crag is not known : it has been penetrated 50 feet near 

 Orford without reaching the bottom. The chalk of the north-western 

 side of the county does not rise into high hills ; the formation 

 appears to extend under the diluvial beds which occupy the centre 

 of the county. 



Hydrography and Communication*. The Waveney and the Little 

 Ouse, border riven, which separate this county from Norfolk, and 

 receive the drainage of the northern part, are described under NOB- 

 FOI.K ; where also the navigable cut from the sea, through Lake 

 Lothing, is described, though it belongs to Suffolk. The Suffolk 

 tributaries of the Waveney are nil small. In that part of the county 

 which in adjacent to the lower part of the course of the Waveney are 

 several small sheets of water, as Oulton Broad and Lake Lothing, 

 Breydon Water, Fritton Decoy, and Flixton Decoy. Neither of these 

 pieces of water bos much breadth, except Breydon, and that, in its 

 widest part, is not a mile across. The Lark, a tributary of the Greater 

 Ouse, rises at Lawshall, 7 miles S. from Bury St Edmunds, flows 

 north to that town, and then flows mirth-west by Mildeuhall, to the 

 border of the county, which it skirts for a few miles, and then enters 

 Cambridgeshire, where it joins the Greater Ouse. Its whole length is 

 about thirty miles. It is navigable from Bury, and serves to convey 

 produce from that town and neighbourhood to the river Ouse anil tho 

 port of Lynn. Of the streams which drain tho southern part of tho 

 county the Stour is the most important It is described under ESSEX, 

 which it divides from Suffolk. The Stour receives many tributaries, 

 none of which are navigable. 



The Orwell, or Qipping, as it is called in the upper part of its course, 

 is formed by the junction of several streams, which unite just by 

 Stowmarket, and flows south-east by Needham-Market to Ipswich. 

 Below that town it expands into an actuary of considerable width, 

 which unites at Harwich with the actuary of the Stour. It is the 

 oestuary alone which bears the name of Orwell. The course of this 

 river to Ipswich ia above 20 miles, for more than half of which 

 (namely, from Stowmarket) it is navigable: the actuary is 10 or 12 

 miles long, and for the greater part of that distance more than half a 

 milo wide at high-water. Sea-borne vessels of considerable burden 

 get up to Ipswich. The Deben rises near Debenham, and flows about 

 20 miles in a winding course to Woodbridge, below which it becomes 

 an icstuary 9 or 10 miles long, and from a quarter to half a mile wide, 

 navigable for sea-borne vessels of considerable burden. Tho Aide 

 rises near the village of Brandish , and runs 1 1 miles south-east to its 

 junction with the Ore, which rises near Framlingham, and has an 

 eastward course of about 12 miles. From the junction the united 

 stream, which is sometimes called Ore, sometimes Aide, flows about 

 15 miles into the sea. Tho course of this part of the river (which IK, 

 for the greater port of its length, on actuary) is remarkable : about 

 eight miles below the junction of the Aldo and the Ore, near the town 

 of Aldeburgh, it approaches within 200 yards of the sea ; and then 

 turning suddenly, has the rest of its course nearly parallel to tho 

 shore, from which it is separated by a long, narrow, marshy peninsula. 

 The principal feeder of the Aide is the Butley, a small river, the 

 lower part of which becomes a tolerably wide sestuary, opening into 

 the actuary of the Aide just before it joins the sea. The Aide is 

 navigable to Snape Bridge, near the head of the tideway. The part 

 below the junction of the Butley is sometimes called Butley. The 

 lllylU rises near Laxfield, and flows eastward 16 miles by the neigh- 

 bourhood of Halesworth, near which it receives a small feeder, into 



