SUNDA STRAIT. 



SUNDERLAND. 



*08 



Bias* W volcanic rock*: in 1693 there wx trrrible eruption, in required by the shipping. Mouk Wearmouth Shore lies along the river, 

 ^jj a p^ ^ ib, looonUin subnded, UK! a Uka wu formed filled , immediately opposite to Sunderland. The river in crossed by ao iron 

 ilk kmrmnt matter. The population U small Among the inhabit- 

 I of MM** taland* are several converts to Christianity. 



The Taumbtr /at*** are situaUd betrn * SO' and S' 20' S. lat, 

 UK and IN* 2u' K. long., and consist of one Urge iaUnd, Timorlaut, 

 and ton* of moderate sbe, Cerra, Larrat, and Yordale, and a great , 

 number of smaller islands. The flh^nml* between these islands con- 

 lain many ttepanf -bank*. Timarlami extend* nearly 90 miles from 

 outh to north, and U 40 mOee wide in the broadest part. The 

 suruoe rather undulating than billy, and it is surrounded either 

 by reefs or by mud-banks, which extend to a considerable distance 

 from the shores. The nstires are very inhospitable to stranger*. 

 Ctrrv, which lies wot of Tiuiorlaut, is Tory jiopulous. The iuhabit- 

 anU an the traders of this group of iilands, and export their cattle 

 ad other domestic animals, and also tortoise-shell and trepaug to 

 Htarlii Larra.', a considerable island, to the north of Timorlaut, 

 rumble* it in surface IW.ifc, north-east of Larrat, contains lofty 

 sulk mad U described ae very fertile, and rich in all the products of 

 tbeee islands, except cattle. It is very populous. Sngo-treea and 

 cocoa-nut trees are abundant. 



The inhabitants of the Tenimber Inland*, liko the inhabitants of 

 Rotti, might be taken for Kurop nu<, if their complexiou was lighter. 

 Tbeir dwellings are from 20 to 30 feet long, from 12 to 15 feet wide, 

 and divided into several rooms. They have vessels, about 60 feet long 

 and from 10 to 12 feet wide, which are constructed with great tkill, 

 though without any iron. They pay also great attention to the culti- 

 vation of tho ground. 



The most eastern group of the Lesser Sunda Islands are the Arroo 

 IJamdf, which consist of one l.trge Ulaud, called Kubrore (70 miles long 

 and about SO miles wi<le on an average), and two other considerable 

 islands, Tratina and 1/ykor, which lie west of Kobrore, and are divided 

 from it by a narrow strait To the north of Kobrore and Mykor are 

 eight or Un islands of moderate size, of which \\'an>mci; Wokan, and 

 Wmdyitr are the most remarkable. All these islands are moderately 

 derated, and they have a slightly undulating surface. The channel*. 

 which divide them from one another are narrow, and the tides in them 

 an very irregular. Cultivation is limited to the planting of sago-trees 

 and the raiding of yams. Rice U imported from Bauda, Of domestic 

 fni*"l' there are only hogs, goats, and fowls. The bird of paradise 

 is found only here and in New Guinea ; the feathers are an article of 

 export. The principal articles of export ore trepang, mother-of-pearl 

 shells and tortoise-shells. The imports are coarse cotton-cloth of 

 different colours, coarse cutlery, copper-wire, coarse China goods, 

 arrack, anis-spirits, gongs, very email red corals, and some other 

 minor articles. Foreign vessels visiting the islands go to Dobo, a port 

 on the island of Wammer. [Anuoo ISLA 



SUNDA STRAIT. [JAVA ; SUNDA ISLANDS.] 

 ;:iiUUNDS. [HINDUSTAN.) 



SUSDKKLANU, Durham, a market-town, sea-port, municipal and 

 parliamentary borough, and the seat of n Poor-Law Union, in the 

 parish of Suuderland, is situated on the banks of the river Wear, at 

 its mouth, in 54 65' N. lat, 1 22' W. long., distant 13 miles N.E. 

 from Durham, 26S miles N.N.W. from London by road, and 302 miles 

 by the Ur-at Northern and York Newcastle and Berwick railways. 

 The population of the municipal borough of Sunderlaud in 1S51 was 

 63,897 ; that of the parliamentary borough, which includes several 

 adjoining townships, was 67,394. The borough is governed by 14 

 aldermen and 42 councillors, one of whom is mayor; and returns 

 two members to the Imperial Parliament. The living U a rectory, 

 with the perpetual curacy of St. John annexed, in the archdeaconry 

 and diocese of Durham. Sunderland Poor-Law Union contains 11 

 parishes and township*, with on area of 11,944 acres, and a population 

 in 1851 of 70,576. 



Northern or Monk Wearmoutb, on the left bank of the Wear, was 

 a place of some note in the Anglo-Saxon period. A monastery was 

 founded here in 674, but was destroyed by the Danes in the 9th cen- 

 tury, and the site remained desolate till after the Norman conquest, 

 when it was restored. The first notice of South or Bishop Wear- 

 mouth (part of which was in 1719 constituted tho parish of Sunder- 

 knd) in in a charter of Hugh Pudsey, bishop of Durham, towards 

 the close of the 12th century, recognising a borough in the parish, 

 and granting privileges to the burgesses similar to those of the bur- 



Kof Newcastle. Towards the close of the reign of Elizabeth 

 tipping of coal began, and the town of Sunderlaud increased 

 ooosiderably. 



The parish of SunderUnd occupies the point of land at the south 

 de of the mouth of the Wear, and, with the exception of the town- 

 moor or common of 70 acres, is covered with houses. One street, 

 broad and handsome, communicates with the High-street of Bishop 

 Wearmoath, and is lined with good houses : the other streets are 

 densely -peopled narrow lanes. The High-street of Wearmouth and that 

 f awdtrimd form one line extending above a mile in length from 

 Mt-north-wH* to west^outh-west The principal streets in Suuderland 

 ad Bishop Wearmouth are lighted with gas and paved. An abundant 

 supply of good water is furnished to the houses at a very moderate 

 annual charge. In that part of tho town called Bishop Wearmouth 

 Pans, are glaas-liouacs and iron- works for the manufacture of articles 



bridge of one aivh having a span of 236 feet, erected, near the clone 

 of the last century, at a cost of above 40,000/. The height above low 

 water is 60 feet to the spring and 94 feet to the centre uf the a> 

 that ships of 300 tons pass under it very readily by lowering their 

 top-gallant mast*. 



A i.ove the bridge, on both sides of the river, are extensive staiths 

 for shipping coals. A little way higher up are the bottle-works of 

 Ay re's Quay. A wet-dock, containing an area of nearly eight acres, 

 with a tidal basin attached to it of about one acre, is on the low 

 ground between Monk Wearmouth Shore and the sea, near tho en- 

 trance to the harbour. An opening has been made through tho .\ r-h 

 Ric to communicate with the river. A branch railway from the dock join* 

 tho Brandling Junction railway, which is connected with the Newcastle 

 ami Carli.-le railway : thus a communication is established between the 

 Irish Sea and tho (Jennau Ocean. A spacious wet-duck was opened in 

 June 1850, on tho light bank of tho river between the towu and the 

 sea-shore. The works extend from tho river to Hendon Bay. In the 

 great dock the depth ill the middle at high water uf ordinary 

 tides is 24 feet, and at neap-tides 20 feet 6 inches. 

 recovered from tho sea, now occupied by the duck. an. urea of u;> 



res of land has in liko manner been gained from the sea ty the 

 eastward of the <1 



Sunderlaud parish church is a spacious brick-building, erect d iu 

 the earlier part of the last century. Iu April 1S51 there were in tho 

 town 63 places of worship, of which 31 belonged to tiva sections of 

 Methodists, 9 to the Established Church, t 



teriaus, 4 to ludependen: .vs, and 1 each to Quakers, Roman 



Catholics, and Unitarians. The total number of sittings provide 

 30,766. There were 49 Sunday schools, with 655'J scholar.-; ; and ] i!U 

 day schools, with 754ti scholars. The town possesses several alms- 

 houses; an infirmary and dispensary; an eye infirmary; a lyin^-in 

 hospital ; and a variety of benevolent institutions. A savings bank 

 is in Monk Wearmouth. 



In the town are a custom-house, an excise-office, and an exchange : 

 the exchange is a neat modern building, and comprises a merchants' - 

 walk, commercial-room, news-room, auction-mart, and justice-room. 

 A new Lyceum Hall contains a large hall 90 feet by 48 feet, to accom- 

 modate 1800 persons; and two smaller rooms for public meeting*, 

 with offices, committee-rooms, &c. There are a theatre and an assembly- 

 room. On the town-moor of Sunderlaud are extensive barracks. Tho 

 market place is commodious, and there are water-works and gas-works 

 on a large scale. In Bishop Wearmouth is an athenaeum, containing a 

 large hall, with lecture theatre, museum, and library. 



The preservation and improvement of the port and harbour of 

 Sunderland have been effected by commissioners appointed under 

 successive acts of parliament. Ships drawing 18 feet of water can 

 now enter and depart from the harbour with safety. The building of 

 the south pier was commenced iu 17-3, and the pier was extended 

 from time to time. The north pier was commenced in 1786. In the 

 early part of the present century both piers were in part rebuilt. The 

 length of the south pier is 650 yards ; of the north pier 590 yards. A 

 lighthouse, 78 feet in height, erected near the end of the north pier in 

 1802, was in 1841 removed bodily to the eastern extremity of the new 

 pier, a distance of nearly 150 yards. The light was exhibited nightly 

 during the operation of removal. The gross weight moved was 

 338 tons. 



The principal manufactures of Sunderland are of bottle and flint 

 glass, anchors, chain-cables, and other iron goods for ships, and cordage. 

 Ship-building is very extensively carried on. There are also numerous 

 boat-builders, chain-cable manufacturers, sail-cloth manufacturers, 

 anchor- and ship-smiths, rope-, sail-, mast-, block-, and pump-makers ; 

 besides ship-owners, brokers, and chandlers. The ropewalks, in 

 of which steam-machinery is employed, are on a very large scale. 

 Brick-making, digging coal, and tho quarrying of grindstones are 

 carried on iu the neighbourhood ; and there are copperas-works, 

 brass-foundries, potteries, hat-manufactories, lime-works, timber-yards, 

 saw-mills, flour-mills, tan-yards, and breweries. The commerce of the 

 town is however more important than its manufactures. Coal is very 

 extensively shipped at Suuderland. The number of vessels registered 

 as belonging to the port on December 31st, 1854, was Sailing-vessels 

 under 50 tons 97, tonnage 2955 ; above 50 tons 803, tonnage 205,527 ; 

 and 41 steam-vessels, tonnage 2338. During 1854 there entered and 

 cleared at the port in the coasting trade, sailing-vessels, inward*, 1523, 

 tonnage 124,265; outward.", 11,439, tonnage 1,465,088 ; steam-vessels, 

 inwards, 7, tonnage 526; outwards, 142, tonnage 53,338. In the 

 j colonial trade the returns are as follows : Inwards, 132 vessels of 

 j 32,898 tons; outwards, 205 vessels of 45,6-1 2 tons. In the foreign trado 

 j the numbers are : Inwards, 616 British vessels of 105,876 tons, and 

 1 10'!3 foreign vessels of 103,114 tons; outwards, 985 British vessels of 

 190,539 tons, and 1378 foreign vessels of 139,300 tons. 



The export of lime is another principal branch of trade; also the 

 export of glass and grindstones. The imports are timber and iron 

 ; from the Baltic ; butter, cheese, and flax from Holland ; and a variety 

 : of goods brought coastwise. A considerable fishery is carried on. 

 Sunderlaud is much frequented for sea-bathing ; and the usual accom- 

 modations are provided for visitors. The market U held on Saturday : 



