709 



SUXDGARE. 



SURREY. 



r:o 



there is also a cattle-market, and there are two yearly fairs. A county 

 court is held in the town. 

 SUNDGARE. [Rmx, HACT.] 



.-.rXDSWALL. [ASGERMAKXLAXP.] 



SUPERIOR, LAKE. [CAB ADA.] 



SUR, or SOUR. [TYRE.] 



SURABAYA. [JAVA.] 



SURAT, or, as the natives pronounce it, Soorul ('beauty'), a large 

 city on the western coast of Hindustan, in the presidency of Bombay 

 and province of Gujerat, stands on the left bank of the Tapty, iu 

 21 12' N. lat, 72 50' E. long. : the river falls into the Gulf of Cam- 

 bay, 20 miles W. from the city. Surat is about 177 miles by road N. 

 from Bombay : it is situated in a fertile country, with woody hills, long 

 sheltered lanes, and patches of dense jungle. The neighbourhood is a 

 favourite hnnting district, wild hogs and other game being abundant. 



The city of Surat is in the form of a semicircle ; the Tapty is the 

 chord, near the centre of which is a citadel or small fortified castle, 

 garrisoned by a few sepoys and European artillerymen. The city is 

 surrounded by a wall about six miles in circuit, in good repair, with 

 semicircular bastions, and with battlements. The streets are narrow, 

 winding, and unpave I. The houses are generally high, and are 

 mostly constructed of a framework of timber filled up with bricks or 

 sun-dried mud : those occupied by some of the principal merchants 

 are of stone, and are large and well built. There are several hand- 

 some mosques; a neat Engli.-h church, which was consecrated by 

 Bishop Heber in 1825; an English school and numerous Hindoo 

 schools ; the custom-house ; and tho mint. The residence of the 

 nawftb is modern. The hospital for aged and diseased animals is an 

 establishment founded and richly endowed by the Jains. A large and 

 picturesque burial-ground outside the city contains numerous tombs 

 of former servants of the East India Company. 



The population of Surat was estimated, in 1796, when its prosperity 

 had confessedly declined, at not less than 600,000. It is now very 

 much reduced, the commerce of the city having been transferred to 

 Bombay, and probably dors not reach 150,000. It consists of Hin- 

 doo*, who are mostly Jains ; of Mohammedans, many of whom are 

 Boras ; of Parsees ; and of Armenians, Jews, and various other races, 

 besides Europeans. There are also great numbers of religious mendi- 

 cants in the city and neighbourhood. Surat is the station of a British 

 military force; it is also the seat of the supreme court of justice for 

 the whole presidency of Bombay, of a circuit court, and of a board of 

 customs with a collector. The English society is numerous, and of 

 the best kind. 



The Tapty at Surat is wide river, but the navigation, owing to 

 shifting sandbanks, is unsafe even for boats, and at the mouth of 

 the river is a dangerous bar. The boats which navigate the river are 

 generally of 30 and 40 tons, half-decked, carrying two masts and two 

 Urge lattcen sails. The river opposite the city is brackish : water for 

 domestic purposes is raised by oxen from wells, and there are also 

 large tanks to collect the rain. 



The imports to Surat are chiefly from Arabia, Bombay, and Brazil, 

 and consist of grain and other articles of food, piece-goods, raw mate- 

 rials to be worked up into manufactures, and bullion. The exports 

 ore mostly manufactures of Hunt and the neighbouring districts, raw 

 cotton, which is shipped in large quantities to Bombay, and a few 

 other articles of native produce. The old manufactures of Surat are 

 mostly superseded by those of Great Britain. The vessels are chiefly 

 English, Arabian, and Portuguese. 



Surat is mentioned in the ancient Sanscrit poem, ' The Romayana.' 

 After the conquest of Hindustan by the Mohammedans, it was the 

 chief port at which they embarked on their pilgrimage to Mecca. The 

 Portuguese, after establishing themselves at Calicut, Ooa, and Damaun, 

 began to trade with Surat about 1561. In 1603 Mr. Mildenhall, a 

 London merchant, reached Agra, and in 1606 obtained an ample grant 

 of commercial privileges by a firmaun from the emperor Jebanghir. 

 In 1612 a factory was established at Surat by treaty with the governor 

 of Ahmedabad, and confirmed by imperial firmaun in 1613. In 1615 

 Surat became the chief station of the East India Company on the west 

 coast of India. 



The chief seat of government under the East India Company was 

 at Surat till 1686, when it was removed to Bombay. In 1800 the 

 nawftb was compelled by the English to sign a treaty, by which he 

 resigned the entire government to tho East India Company, who, on 

 their part, agreed to pay him and his heirs one lac of rupees annually, 

 together with one-fifth of the surplus annual revenue, after deducting 

 all charges. The forma of state authority ore retained. 



SURFLEET. [LixcounuuBK.] 



SURINAM. [Of TAKA, Dutch.] 



SURREY, an inland county of England, bounded N. by Middlesex, 

 from which it is separated throughout by the river Thames, K. \<y 

 Kent, S. by Sussex, W. by Hampshire, and N.W. by Berkshire. It 

 lies between 51 4' and 51 80' N. lat., 3' E. long, and 61' 

 W. lopg. The length from east to west, from the Kentish border near 

 Westerham to the Hampshire border near Faroham, is 40 miles ; the 

 breadth from north to south, from the bank of the Thames at Black- 

 friars bridge, London, to near Crawley (in Sussex) is 27 miles. The 

 area is 748 square miles, or 478,792 statute acres. The population in 

 1341 WM 684,036, in 1851 it wo* 683,082. 



Surface and Geological Character. The part of the county which 

 lies north of a line drawn from the Kentish border near Beckenham, 

 leaving Croydon a little to the south, and passing by Carshalton, 

 Epsom, Ashstead, and Leatherhead, and thence to the Hampshire 

 border near Ash, leaving Guildford a little to the south, may be 

 regarded as belonging, with seme exceptions which we shall notice, 

 to the London clay formation. The district occupied by this forma- 

 tion is comparatively low. It forms however the line of hills extend- 

 ing on the south side of London, from New Cross, near Deptford, by 

 Nunhead, Denmark Hill, Herne Hill, Brixton Hill, Clapham liise and 

 Battersea Rise, Wimbledon Common, and Richmond Hill. It also 

 forms the hills running southward along the Kentish border from New 

 Cross by Forest Hill, Sydeuham, Penge Common, and Norwood. 



North of the hills which extend from New Cross to Battersea the 

 London clay is covered by alluvium ; and it is probable that the 

 greater part of this flat was, antecedently to the Roman period, over- 

 flowed by the river at every high tide, and formed an extensive marsh, 

 which was gained from the river by embankment. Along the bank of 

 the river too, between Putney and Richmond, the London clay is 

 covered by alluvium. 



The range of high and mostly waste grounds, Esher Common, Cub- 

 ham Common, St. George's Hill (between Cobham and Weybridge), 

 Woking Heath, Pirbright Common, Romping Downs, and Ash Common, 

 which occur in the north-west part of the county, and which extend 

 with slight interruption from the neighbourhood of Kingston to the 

 Hampshire border ; the range of St. Ann's Hill (240 feet), Shrubs Hill, 

 and the other hills west of Chertsey and Bagshot Heath, extending 

 from near the Thames to the Berkshire border; and the high ground 

 of Cobham Ridges between these two ranges, are all formed of tho 

 siliceous sand and sandstone belonging to the upper marine formation, 

 which here covers the London clay. The highest elevation does not 

 exceed 463 feet. 



South of the boundary-line of the London clay the plastic clay crops 

 out, and occupies a long narrow district extending across the county 

 from the Kentish to the Hampshire border, bounded on the south by 

 a line drawn near Addington, Banstead, Horsley, and Guildford, and 

 thence to the Hampshire border. The breadth of the plastic clay 

 district on the Kentish border is four or five miles, but it becomes 

 narrower towards the west, and on the Hampshire border is probably 

 not more than half a mile in breadth. The hills near Addington and 

 Croydon, Bonstead Downs (576 feet), and Epsom, Ashstead, and 

 Leatherhead Commons are on the plastic clay, which here covers the 

 chalk with a thin bed ; the chalk is quarried beneath it on Baustead 

 Downs. Beds of fine clay of the plastic clay formation are wrought 

 near Ewell, and red clay near Quildford. South of the plastic clay 

 the chalk range of the North Downs rises. These downs extend from 

 Kent across the county into Hampshire, interrupted only by the 

 depressions through which the rivers Mole and Wey pass and by a 

 depression near Farnham. The southern escarpment may be traced ' 

 running just to tho north of Titsey, Godstone, Gallon, Reigate, 

 Dorking, Wotton, and Farnham. Guildford is in the line of the 

 downs in the depression through which the Wey passes. The breadth 

 of the chalk district is greater on the eastern side of the county, and 

 the downs there attain their greatest elevation. Botley Hill (880 feet), 

 above Titsey, is the highest point. The breadth of the chalk district 

 here is about four miles. Box Bill, near Dorking, overlooks the 

 depression through which the Mole posses, and is, from the pic- 

 turesque scenery which it presents, a favourite place of resort for the 

 inhabitants of the metropolis. Between Dorking and Guildford the 

 range of the Downs gradually narrows ; and between Quildford and 

 Farnham it forms a remarkable narrow unbroken ridge, above six 

 miles long and about half a mile broad, called the ' Hog's Back.' The 

 downs rise again beyond Farnham, just on the border of Hampshire, 

 into which they extend. The thickness of the chalk formation at 

 Denbigh, north-west of Dorking, is 440 feet. The chalk is dug in 

 different places, and is burnt for lime. 



From beneath the south escarpment of the North Downs the chalk- 

 marl and greensand formations crop out. They occupy the valley 

 which extends at the foot of that escarpment all through the county, 

 and east of Reigate is called Holmesdale; but as the formations 

 extend southward from the chalk they rise into hills, among which 

 ore Leith Hill (993 feet, the highest point in the county, and indeed 

 in this part of England), Holmbury and Coneyhurst Hills, and Hind 

 Head Common, on the Hampshire border, 923 feet high. This range 

 of hills presents a bold escarpment towards the valley on the south, 

 and is broken by two considerable depressions, one near Reigate, by 

 which the Mole passes through, and another belween Hurtwood 

 Common and Hascombe, through which a feeder of the Wey passes ; 

 and by some minor interruptions. Beds of chert occur in the chalk- 

 marl near Reigate, and fire-stone is dug in the same formation at 

 Merstham. The high grounds of these formations are almost entirely 

 waste. On Hind Head Common occurs that remarkable hollow, the 

 ' Devil's Punch-bowl,' round which tho Portsmouth road winds for 

 nearly a mile. The rest of the county, comprehending the whole of 

 the southern border, except a very small part west of Haslemere, is 

 occupied by the Weald clay and iron-sand formations. Tho latter 

 only just appears at the south-eastern corner of the county. The 

 Weald clay occupies the broad valley at the foot of the greensand 



