ni 



SURREY. 



SURREY. 



711 



hflb, tad in OHM place* form* tlio lower part of the touth aide of 



t:.r i . .-. 



Bfdrtgrufly and Cfmmuucatioiu. The county i included in the 

 ba*in of UM Thamce, except three very small portions ; two south of 

 Ik* fratnaaitd bill*, which are drained by streams flowing into the 

 Arm. and third in the K>uth-ut comer of the county, which 

 belongs to the basin of the Medway. The Thames, which forms the 

 northern boundary, is navigable throughout for small croft, and up to 

 London Bridge for sea borne vessels. Those of its tributaries which 

 beloof to Sumy an the Bourn Brook, the Wey, the Mole, tho Hog's 

 KM River, the stream which joins theThaines above Putney, and 

 UM Wandle. The Bonn Brvot rises near Bagshot, and flows by 

 Cbobhaui and Addkstone into the Thames below Cherteey, sending 

 off one branch into the Wey ; it receives a stream from Virginia 

 Water in Windsor Great Park : iU whole length is about 14 miles. 



The HVy rises near Alton in Hampshire, and flows north-east about 

 9 mile* to the border of Surrey, which it enters not far from Farnham. 

 Thenee it flow* by Farnham to Tilford, where it receives, on the 

 right bank, a considerable stream from Woolmer Forest in Hamp- 

 shire, and runs eastward to Oodalming, where it becomes navigable. 

 From Godalming it flows by Ouildford and Woking into the Thames 

 at Weybridg*. The Wey has several tributaries in the county. The 

 whole length of the Wey is about 41 miles, for about 18 miles of 

 which it is navigable. The Mole rises in the northern part of the 

 county of Sussex. It enters Surrey at Charlwood, passes Horley, 

 Kennerley Bridge, Dorking, Leatherhead, and Cobham, and flows into 

 the Thames at East Molesey, opposite Hampton Court. Its whole 

 course is about 42 miles. It is not navigable in any part. The Hog'i 

 Mill River risen in a copious spring in the village of Kwell, and flows 

 north-west 7 miles into the Thames at Kingston. It is not navigable, 

 but turns several mills. Tho stream which joins the Thames near 

 Putney rises at the foot of Banatead Downs near Cheam, and flows 

 northward by Richmond Park, and Barnes, where it turns east and 

 joins the Thames half a mile above Putney Bridge; its length is 

 almost 10 miles : it is not navigable. The Wandle rises near Croydon, 

 flows by Carshalton, Uitcham, aud Wandsworth, into the Thames : 

 its course is only 11 miles, and it is not navigable, but it works 

 numerous mills. 



The canals are the Grand Surrey Canal, the Wey and Arun Canal, 

 and the Buingatoke Canal The Grand Surrey Canal is cut from the 

 Thames at Rothcrhithe, about a mile and a half to the neighbour- 

 hood of Deptford, in Kent, and then turning west is carried two 

 miles and a half farther to CamberwelL There is an extensive basin 

 in the part of the canal near the Thames. The Wey and Arun Canal, 

 sometimes called the Surrey and Sussex Canal, commences in the 

 river W< y near Shalford, between Quildford and Oodalming, aud runs 

 south by east (1 1 miles) into Sussex, where it joins the Arun naviga- 

 tion near Billinghurst. The Basingstoke Canal commences in the 

 river Wey, about 3 miles above its junction with the Thames, and 

 runs south-west nearly 12 miles to Frimley, near the border of the 

 county ; it then turns south and runs above three miles to near Alder- 

 shott, where it enters Hampshire. 



The principal roads in the county are those which lead from the 

 metropolis to the south-cast, south, and south-west. The Dover road, 

 as far as New Cross, near Deptford, is in this county. The Brighton 

 road runs south from Southwark through Brixton, Croydon, and 

 Merstham. Here it divides, one branch running through Heigate, the 

 other running over Red Hill and through Horley. The two branches 

 reunite near Horley, and run across Lowfield Heath to Cawley in 

 Sussex. The moat frequented Portsmouth road leaves the metropolis 

 at Hyde Park Corner, and enters the county over Putney Bridge, but 

 formerly the more frequented road was through Newington and 

 Wandsworth. The two roads unite beyond Putney, and run south- 

 west by Kingston, Guildford, and llousehill. The Winchester and 

 Southampton road branches from this to the right at Guildford, anil 

 runs west along the Hog's Back to Farnham. The Salisbury and 

 Exeter road enters the county across the Thames at Staines, and runs 

 just within tho north-western border and parallel to it through Egham 

 and Bagshot. There are numerous branch and cross roads. 



The Greenwich railway, now leased to the South- Eastern Railway 

 Company, runs south-east from London Bridge to Corbet's Lane, near 

 New Cross, where it quits the county. The North Kent line also 

 leaves the county at New Cross. The Brighton and South Coast 

 railway runs parallel to the Greenwich line nearly to Corbet's Lane, 

 where it turns south, and with the exception of the short distance 

 from near Forest Hill to Penge, which is in Kent, it continues in a 

 generally outhward direction through thia county, which it quits 

 at Oakbcad, a few miles north from Horsham. The Croydon ant 

 Epeotn line is a branch of the Brighton and South Coast line, which 

 it quiU at Croydon, and runs south-west to Ewell and Epsom. The 

 Crystal Palace railway runs between the London Bridge Terminus and 

 the grounds of the Crystal Palace at Penge. The South-Eastern rail 

 way is carried over the same rails aa the Brighton line as far as Red 

 bill, Ri-iirate, where it turns eastward, and quita tho county a few 

 miles went of Godstone. The Dorking and Guildford branch quita the 

 main line at Reigatc, and runs westward past Dorking to Guildford 

 where it joins the Guildford and Heading railway. The main line o 

 the London and South-Western railway runs from the Waterloo 



iridge terminus, past Kingston, below which a branch runs off to 

 lamptou Court, and Weybridge, where there is a short branch to 

 Jhertaey, and quits the county near Farnborough. At Wokiug 

 loath, a branch runs off southward to Guildford and Qodalming. On 

 he Guildford and Reading branch, a short line branches south-west 

 to Alton, quitting this county near Farnham. The Windsor brand i 

 quits the main-line near Battersea, and runs westward to Richmond, 

 where it quits the county ; tho Brentford loop-line quits this branch 

 at Barnes Common. A lino to connect the West Knd of London with 

 .he Crystal Palace is in progress. 



Climate, Soil, and Agriculture. The climate of this county is 

 'avourable for corn and grass. Along the Thames and the other 

 rivers of the county the air is soft and mild : where the ground rises 

 nto barren gravelly hills, or lies on the range of chalk which divides 

 ,he county in a direction from north-east to south-west, from Croydon 

 to Farnham, it is keener, and the winds arc more boisterous. Generally 

 along the sandy hills the climate is remarkably salubrious. Tlii--.nl 

 varies greatly in different districts. The richest is that which lie* 

 along the banks of the rivers, consisting chiefly of a deep alluvial 

 oam. On this soil, in the neighbourhood of London, are some of 

 ,hose extremely productive and highly-cultivated market-gardens, 

 which supply the metropolis with fruit and vegetables. The immense 

 quantity of manure which is annually laid on the land so occupied, 

 aud the deep trenching aud digging which are repeated at short 

 intervals, have converted the whole surface, to the depth of three feet 

 or more, into a rich black vegetable mould. On this soil nre raised 

 ;he best and earliest culinary vegetables, which so rapidly succeed 

 each other that five or six different crops are sometimes gathered 

 from the same ground in one year. There is another naturally rich 

 black soil, which appears in small detached portions alone; the foot of 

 the chalk hills, and produces fine crops of wheat. The next in 

 fertility ia a hazel loam, with a considerable portion of calcareous 

 earth in its composition, which is found on the northern side of the 

 bills about Cobham, Woking, and Horshill : the well-known hop- 

 grounds in the neighbourhood of Faniham are mostly on a similar soil. 

 The most extensive tract is that of the Weald clay, which ia a soil with 

 a smaller mixture of siliceous sand than most clays. Thia Wi-ald 

 extends into Sussex and Kent, and occupiea most of the southern 

 parts of the county. This soil can only be rendered productive by 

 very complete draining, and by correcting the tenacity by chalk or 

 gravel, where they can be found at hand, which however is seldom the 

 case. The Weald is generally low and flat; where it rises into hills 

 the soil -is more fertile. In the northern portion of the county extend- 

 ing towards Hampshire is a large tract of sandy loam of various quali- 

 ties, some of which remains in the state of heath and common. There 

 are some sandy loams of a better quality between the barren soil 

 known by the name of Bagshot sand aud the chalk hills, as about 

 Ksher, Dorking, and Reigate : about Godalming it becomes of a very 

 good quality, resting upon a sandstone. The poorer sands rest chiefly 

 upon a yellow ferruginous gravel. The tops of the chalk hills are 

 either covered with a short pasture, as downs, or where the soil is 

 deeper over the chalk, it is mostly under the plough. Generally the 

 most improved systems of husbandry, and the best implements, have 

 been introduced ; and the local peculiarities of cultivation are fast 

 disappearing. 



Surrey is a favourite county for the residence of men of fortune. 

 It possesses many beautiful sites, and the views from some of the 

 hills are very extensive, such as Richmond Hill, St. Ann's, Cooper's 

 Hill, and Leith Hill. The villas within a short distance from London 

 are very numerous, but few of them have more than a small quantity 

 of pasture-laud and pleasure-ground attached to them. 



The Wealds of Surrey were, till within a comparatively modern 

 date, one continued forest, and have been gradually cleared and culti- 

 vated. The management of underwood is well understood and 

 attended to. In the heaths and poor sands furze is often abundant, 

 and is sold for heating bakers' owns, and for the use of brick-makers 

 and lime-burners. 



There is no peculiar breed of cattle in Surrey. There is not much 

 good grazing-land, and the beasts that are fatted or kept for milch- 

 cows are of all the breeds which are usually met with. Short-horn 

 Alderney cows, and crosses between them, are very common in the 

 pastures adjoining gentlemen's seats. Beasts of all breeds are fatted 

 on the wash obtained from the distilleries near London. There was 

 once a peculiar breed of heath sheep, which had a small fleece of fine 

 wool, and very delicate flesh when fatted. The meat was well known 

 by the name of Bagahot mutton. There is only a small remnant of 

 this breed left. The farmers are partial to the South Down sheep. 

 Several farmers about Ewell, Esher, and Walton, and towards Guild- 

 ford, rear house-lambs of the Dorsetshire breed for the London market. 

 The pigs are principally of the Berkshire breed. 



Divuiom, Towns, <tc. Surrey is divided into 14 hundreds, AS 

 follows : Blackhcath, south ; Brixton, north-east ; Copthorne, central ; 

 Kffmgham, central ; Elmbridge, north; Farnham, south- wcat ; Godal- 

 mmg, south-west; Godley, north-west; Kingston, north; Reigate, 

 south; Tandridge, south-east; Walliugton, east; Woking, west and 

 central ; Wotton, south. 



The metropolitan boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth are included 

 in Brixton hundred, and Guildford in Woking hundred. 



