BUTHKULANDSHIlti:. 



SUTHERLANDSHIUK. 



in UM Mllilnra of the bmous Godwin, who exeroiwd within bit earl- 

 dom VM*-refkl lwr. On the assumption of tho throne by Harold. 

 BSMMS beoune UM Men* of the memorable contort which gave the 

 KncUth crown to tho Noruiou iurmder. Uu the Sth of BtptantMT, 

 IOM, UM Hermans landed near the mouth of the litUo river Aten. 

 ThcdwWr* battle of Hastings was fought on the 14th of October 

 following, oo heath thea called Kpiton or Hutholand, but which 

 UMoeeforth aammed the name of Battle. In the troubles of the 

 period of Uenrr III., on the 14th of May, 1364, wan fought tho battle 

 of Uw^ between the aatembled baron., headed by Simon de Mont- 

 ford, earl of Leicester, and the king', troop*, commanded by the king 

 himetlf. am.ua by lit eon Edward ami his brother Biohard. Jack 

 Cade, whoee insurrection in the reign of Henry VI. caused some 

 trouble, extended his inarch into Siueex, and in reported to have been 

 lulled at Cade Street in HeathBeld, where a stone monument has i been 

 raUed to mark the spot In the subsequent reigns till Henry Vlll., 

 UM Sussex murt suffered from the incursions of the French. During 

 the civil wan the castles of Amberley, Arundel.auJ Bodiham, and the 

 city of Chichester. were taken by tho parliamentary forces. 



Of ancient castellated edifice* not already described, the most 

 remarkable are Amberley, Bodihain, and Herstmonceux, and the 

 casUllaUd mansions of Eridge, Kuepp, and Scotney. The castle of 

 Amberley is situated about four miles from Aruudel. The bishops 

 of Chichester had a residence hero from the early Itomau times, but 

 the present castle was built by Bishop Kede, who was consecrated 

 in 1M9, and obtained a licence, in 1 Richard II., to fortify his castle. 

 The ground-plan is nearly a par.dlelogram. The present dwelling- 

 house consists of tho state apartments, built in tho upper court by 

 Bishop Sherburn at the commencement of the 16th century : in one 

 still called the queen's room there are some curious paintings, the 

 aide panels exhibiting a series of 10 female figures, and the ceiling 

 having the portraits of six warriors carved in wood. The castle was 

 dismantled in 1613, by the parliamentary forces. Bodiham Castle, 

 built in 1886, by Sir Edward Dalyngrudge, is four miles from Roberts- 

 bridge, on the river Bother. The site forms a parallelogram or nearly 

 a square, with four round towers at the angles and three square ones 

 between them; the great gateway is flanked by two square towers, 

 and the entrance is defended by a machicolation and portcullis. The 

 interior was fitted up for a baronial residence. In the time of 

 Charles L, the castle was dismantled by Waller. The castle of llerat- 

 monccux was built in 1423 by Sir Roger Ficunes, treasurer of 

 Henry VI.'s household. It stands on the borders of Pevensey Level, 

 a few miles north of Pevensey Castle. It is one of the oldest brick 

 buildings in England, built after tho reintroduction of that material. 

 The building is nearly a square, 214 feet from east to west, and 

 206 feet from north to south. It has on octagon tower at each corner, 

 and another in the centre of the east ami west sides. The Rev. 

 Robert Hare, in 1777, sold the ancient tapestry and furniture, pulled 

 down the roof, and wholly dismantled the castle, leaving the walls 

 alone standing. Eridge Castle stands upon a bold eminence in the 

 pariah of Fraut, on the borders of Kent The castle has received 

 extensive alterations. Knepp Castle, in tho pariah of Shipley near 

 Horsham, is a castellated building in the gothic style, erected about 

 the commencement of the present century by Sir Charles Burrell : 

 of the old castle, at a distance of half a mile, only a single wail is 

 standing. Scotney Castle is on tho Kent Ditch, in the parish of 

 Lamberhurst : the stream which divides the two counties runs 

 through the centre of the castle. It was built about the time of 

 Stephen. Of monastic remains the principal are, the mitred abbey 



of Battle [BATTLE], the abbeys of Bayham and Robertsbridge, and the 

 priory of St. Pancras at Lewes, 

 preccptory at Sedleacombe. 



The Knights Templars had a 



In 1851 the number of places of worship in the county was 017, of 

 which 3 50 belonged to the Established Church. The total number of 

 sittings provided was 160,988. Of day schools there were 1178, with 

 46,169 scholars ; of Sunday schools, 363, with 29,570 scholars. 



In 1SS3 the county possessed 14 savings banks, at Arundel, 

 Battle, Brighton, Chichrster, CuckQeld, East Orinstead, Hastings, 

 Horehain, Lewes, Midhunt, Petwortb, Uye, Uckfield, and Worthing. 

 The amount owing to depositors on November 20th 1853 was 

 630.99-f. 4*. 84. 



SUTilKKLANDSUIRE, an extensive county in the north of Scot- 

 land, ktretche* from the Dornoch Frith and German Ocean, along 

 which it has a sea-coast of about 24 miles, across the island to the 

 AtLuitic Oocsn and the North Sea ; having along the Atlantic from 

 Inverkirkaig Bay to Cape Wrath a sea-coast of 62 miles, and along 

 UM North Sea from Cape Wrath eastward a sea-coast of 6<i miles (in 

 both ease* excluding the bays and indentations from the calculation). 

 TM county l. between 67' 48' and 58 88' N. hit, 8 40' and 5 20' 

 W. long. It* area it 1886 square miles, or 1,207,188 statute acres. 

 It* length varies from 42 to 60 miles, and it* breadth from 42 to 

 64 mile*. The population was 25,798 in 1851. The county returns 

 one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



Several small islands along the west and north coast* belong to the 

 county : four of them are inhabited ; the three largest are Oldany, 

 Calra, and Hand*. Handa is remarkable for the altitude and wild 

 lenr of it* cliffs. Along the north coast, the lofty peaks of the 

 and Skcrri** islands, belonging to this county, are conspicuous 



in clear weather at a distance of some miles from the coast Island 

 Iloau, the Rabbit Islands, Island Roan, and Holy Island, arc near to 

 the coast, and form, in some instance*, natural breakwaters. 



Surface, Coiut-Line, l/yjiyraj>hjf,ad Communication*. Sutherland 

 is a mountainous and pastoral district. The interior of tho county 

 consists of a succession of mountains, ranges of hills, and extensive 

 moors, separated by straths and mountain glens, diverging from tho 

 principal valleys, which open towards tho coasts. Among these 

 mountain range*, one of great altitude, which contains several of the 

 highest mountains in Great Britain, separates the west and north 

 coast* of the county from its southern shore and valleys, and runs in 

 a line nearly parallel with the shores of the Atlantic ami North Sea, 

 Ben More of Assynt attains an elwutiou of 3231 feet. Ben Hoe 

 (2859 feet), and Ben Spuiuue (25G5 feet), mark the prolongation of 

 this range to tho North Sea. The coast near this point trends almost 

 due east from Cape Wrath, the north-west point of Scotland, a cliff 

 600 feet high, on which is a lighthouse with a revolving light The 

 same range stretches to near the Caithness boundary. In keeping 

 with the bold character of this range are the magnitude of many lakes 

 at the base of the mountains, the depth and abruptness of the open- 

 ings and passes, the expansion of widely-spread mountain sides and 

 considerable moose* and bogs, and the variety of romantic valleys and 

 rugged glens and hollows. Assynt and Edderaouillis, on the west 

 coast, are remarkable for the ruggeduess and inequalities of the surface. 

 Along the north coast the same description of country continue, in 

 a more modified form. The sea-coasts present headlands, promontories, 

 and numerous cliffs of the boldest description. In the central districts 

 of the county are several extensive valleys, with numerous low liills 

 clothed with rich pasturage, and comprising valuable tracts of arable 

 land. With the exception of the Ord of Caithness, the sea-coast 

 along the shore of the German Ocean is Gat and sandy. 



The county is abundantly watered by the Oykill, the Fleet, and 

 their tributary streams; all of which have their source within tho 

 county. The salmon-fishings are valuable. Except the Frith of Dor- 

 noch and the short sestuary of the Fleet, none of the rivers oru 

 navigable. The western district of Sutherland is remarkable for a 

 great number of fresh-water lakes. Loch Shin forms the largest of 

 a chain of lakes, which extends almost continuously from near the 

 head of the Doruoch Frith on the east coast to Loch Laxford, a salt- 

 water loch of the Atlantic on the west coast. Loch Assyut, which is 

 surrounded by some of the highest and most picturesque mountains 

 of the county, is the largest lake along the went coait ; Loch Hope and 

 Loch Eribol, and the Kyles of Tongue and Durneas, are conspicuous 

 on the north coast At Scullomie, in the Kyle of Tongue, is a harbour, 

 in which coasters may find refuge : it is always accessible. Siuce 1811 

 the whole circuit of Sutherlandshire has been provided with excellent 

 and well-kept roads and numerous bridges, embankments, and mounds 

 necessary to connect them. 



Geology. The rocks of the interior of the county and a considerable 

 portion of the west coast ore gneiss. Detached districts, chiefly in 

 the parish of Rogart and on the confines of Caithness, exhibit great 

 masses of granite, and the high hills of Loth are composed of porphy- 

 ritic granite of different colours. Sieuite and large rocks of granular 

 marble abound on the north shore of Loch Shin. The parish of 

 Assynt also contains extensive masses of white marble, and many of 

 the high hills in that district are of quartz. Limestone is the prevailing 

 rock in Durueas, except the headland of the Parph, which terminates 

 in Cape Wrath, and in which quartz, red sandstone, and conglomerate 

 prevail. Along the east coast the high hills of Golspie are of old con- 

 glomerate ; tlie low parts of the east coast between Uolspie and 1 1 rlms- 

 dale are of oolite sandstone, sandstone-flag, limestone, and coal. Veins 

 of quartz, of calcareous spar, of treinolite, and of a rude kind of 

 porphyry, occasionally occur. 



Climate, Soil, Agriculture, Jtic. Sutherland has a variable climate, 

 but along the sheltered east coast it is mild and salubrious. The high 

 parts of the interior and the west coast are subject to continued and 

 heavy falls of rain. The arable land of Sutherland lies principally 

 on the east coast ; and there tho most improved system of husbandry 

 is acted upon. The Duurobin breed of Highland cattle belong to this 

 county. Cheviot sheep are the moat important stock and the staple 

 produce of the Sutherland high grounds. On the arable farms the 

 grain raised is limited to barley, oats, and occasionally wheat and rye. 

 Turnips are extensively raised, and chiefly consumed on the field by 

 sheep during the winter season ; potatoes form the chief article of 

 food for the great bulk of the population. In most of the valleys, 

 natural woods of birch, alder, and occasionally oak, adorn tho steep 

 sides and water edges. Several parts of tho county have been cele- 

 brated for centuries as doer forests ; and red-deer are still found iu 

 considerable numbers. Roe deer are common in the woods; andgama 

 of all kinds, being protected, is everywhere abundant 



/'I'rutoni, Touni, <tc. The county is divided into 13 parishes, 10 of 

 which belong to the Duke of Sutherland, who has also considerable 

 properties in the remaining three. The only town is Dortwch, a royal 

 and parliamentary burgh and market-town, in the parish of Doruoch, 

 about 200 miles N. by W. from Edinburgh. Doruoch was made a 

 royal burgh by charter of Charles I. in 1628. The population was 

 599 in 1861. The town is governed by a provost and 13 councillors, 

 of whom 4 are bailies, and unites with Cromarty, Diiigwall, Kirk wall, 



