IWBDBir, 



SWKDEtf. 



7*1 



region is the ext. n.iv level of Scania. The eastern border of the 

 UbW-Und H-rlf i- a little wee* of 18* K. long., and the routhen 

 border M short dbtanee out li c.f 56* Sd ' N . lat The western border 

 row parallel to UM shorn of the Caltogat, at the distance of about 

 IS miU. Along the outer border, the deration of the table-land is 

 between 800 and 400 feet above the eevlereL The most elevated 

 portion of the table-land (which surrounds the southern aide of Lake 

 Wetter) is trarereed by a ridge of higher ground, which may be 

 eowidered a a continuation of the Tytrt/rt ridge. Thi. last-mentioned 

 ridge, which i* between i 00 and 600 feet high where it Mparatei the 

 basins of the lake. Wener and Wetter, continue! southward along 

 the western banks of Lake Wetter, prewiring nearly the same 

 deration, but interrupted in some pUcee by short depression* ; but 

 as it approaches the southern extremity of the lake it rims higher, 

 and where it meets the table-land it has an elevation of more than 

 MM fret. Nearly 10 miles south of the lake there rises on this ridge 

 a high hill, called Tatrry. whose summit is 1100 feet above the 

 surface, and has attracted the attention of geologists as about three- 

 fuurths of it eOBstebi of pure ironstone. From this summit the ridge 

 runs westward, and near the centre of the higher portion of the 

 region it again rises to more than 1100 feet above the tea, and divides 

 into two branches, of which one runs west and the other south-west : 

 both of them terminate on the margin of this region. The general 

 elevation of this ridge may be about 1000 feet above the sea, and 

 less than 200 feet above the general level of the country. This is 

 the highest ground in Sweden south of 60 SO' N. Ink The surface 

 of the table-land varies greatly. There are many tracts of consider- 

 able extent, which are level plains: other districts have a broken 

 surface. On the higher part of the table-land there are only a few 

 lakes, but in its western district, and still more in its southern, they are 

 very numerous. This unsheltered table-land suffers much from gules, 

 and its climate i) severe. What soil there is in this region is extremely 

 infertile, being composed of disintegrated gneiss, on which rock 

 the tableland resU. Tracts many miles in length and width are 

 covered with sand, on which nothing grows but common heath, and 

 some spot* an quite destitute of vegetation. Where the soil is 

 mixed with a little vegetable mould, the country is covered with 

 stunted birch woods. The best tracts are those which surround the 

 lakes. The principsl grain raised on the higher part of the table-land 

 is oaU, and on the lower part barley. Some wheat and rye are grown 

 in patches hero and there. Potatoes are much cultivated on the 

 higher part. The cattle, sheep, and hogs are rather of small size, 

 and the wool of the sheep is very coarse. The grass-hinds arc bad. 

 Oat of the whole surface of this region, about 14,000 square miles, 

 an aggregate of little more than 30 square miles produces corn and 

 vegetables : about 130 square miles more consist of meadows and 

 inclosed pasture*. 



8. Tie Maritime Region of Smdland, or the eastern declivity of the 

 table-land of that name, extends opposite the inland of Oland, from 

 south to north, but it advances northward within 5 or 6 miles of the 

 Quta Canal. Its length rattier exceeds 140 miles ; the width varies 

 from 15 to 25 miles. The southern districts, or about one-third, are 

 slightly undulating, with extensive intervening flats. The soil is 

 sandy. The greater port is covered with fir and birch woods, but 

 there are few timber-trees. The northern districts present a suc- 

 cession of hills, valleys, and small plains. The hills are generally 

 steep, and inclose narrow volleys, the lower parts of which are filled 

 with lakes. The soil is ratber better than in the southern district, and 

 a comparatively larger portion of the surface is under the plough. 

 Most of the valleys and hill slopes, though unfit for cultivation, 

 produce abundance of grass. But the forests constitute the wealth 

 of this tract : they contain pine, fir, birch, beech, and oak, and a 

 considerable number are large trees. Timber, tar, and pitch are 

 exported. Hye, potatoes, and barley are grown, and also a little oats 

 and wheat Domestic animals, with the exception of goats, are 

 abundant The meadows and pasture-grounds cover about 420 square 

 miles : the area of the part under cultivation does not exceed 'JO square 



9. The Maritime Region of Bltkinge extends over the southern 

 coast of Sweden from about 14 80' to 16 E. long., somewhat more 

 than 60 miles in length ; its width may be estimated at 15 miles. 

 The surface is the most broken portion of the Swedish coast The 

 rooky masses of the table-land of Smiiland, divided into small ridges 

 by numerous watercourses, which run in deep and narrow valleys, 

 advance within a short distance from the shore, where they terminate 

 in hills from 200 to 300 feet high. Tho rivers are extremely rapid, 

 and form many small and beautiful cataracts. The level grounds are 

 "eh less extensive in this region than in any other part of Sweden, 

 but they possess a considerable degree of fertility. Wheat is much 

 grown, but the cultivation of rye is ten times more extensive. Barley 

 and potatoes are also much cultivated. The meadows in the valleys, 

 though not extensive, and the hill sides, yield abundance of grass. 

 The hills in parts are covered with woods of stunted birch and fir 

 in parts they are utterly barren. The rearing of cattle and hogs 

 constitutes one of the principal objects of domestic economy, and 

 much cheese is nude. 



10. The Pimm o/ .Sean ia occupies sll the pcninsuU which const!- 

 tutes the most southern portion of Sweden, between the Sound on the 



west and the Baltic on the south and east A straight line drawn 

 from the innermost recess of the Skeldcr Vick, a large and open lay 

 of the Cattegat, on the west, to the peninsula of Kolvetsburg <.u ill'- 

 east, may be considered as marking its northern boundary. 1 1 . 

 from south to north about 65 miles; the width varies between 5" an, I 

 CO miles, being greater towards the north than along thu sou- In rn 

 coast It is traversed in its length by a low broad swell of high 

 ground, which begins at Cape Kullen, a moderately elevated headland 

 at the northern opening of the Sound. From this point it extends in 

 a south-east direction to the lakes called Kingston, where it enlarges 

 to a great width, inclosing these lakes, and covering a space of con- 

 siderable extent with numerous hills, most of which are covered with 

 wood. From the bonks of these lakes it declines a little more to the 

 south, running towards the south-eastern portion of the plain, where 

 it terminates about 12 miles from the sea in low hills. The tract of 

 country between the termination of this swell and the south-eastern 

 shores of Scania is a level, with numerous depressions, which are 

 occupied by marshes and swamps. That portion of the region which 

 is situated to the south-west of the swell contains a large level plain, 

 which extends along the shores of the Sound, varying in width from 

 6 to 10 miles. The soil of this tract is of first-rate quality, consisting 

 of a strong rich loam, which yields good crops of wheat. The country 

 between this plain and the swell above mentioned is interspersed with 

 small isolated hills. The soil of this tract is inferior to that of tho 

 plain. Hye and barley are extensively grown. The hills are covered 

 with wood or with indifferent pastures. That portion of the plain 

 which lies north-east of the swell contains also a considcr.il>! 

 round the town of Christianstad, which has a fertile soil, yielding 

 wheat and rye ; but it is not equal to that of the plain along tho 

 shores of the Sound. The remainder of the country resembles the 

 hilly district west of the swell in surface, soil, and productions. 



11. The Maritime Region of Holland, which extends along the 

 eastern shores of the Cattegat, is the western declivity of the table- 

 land of Smiiland. It extends from the Skelder Vik northward to 

 the mouth of the Gbta, about 112 miles, with a width of about 15 

 miles. The level portion of this region is separated from the plain of 

 Scania by a tract of high land (400 to 500 feet above the sea and about 

 8 miles wide), which projects from the south-western corner of the 

 table-land of Smiiland, and, running westward, terminates in tho 

 peninsula of Holland's As, between Skelder Vik on the south and the 

 Bay of Laholm on the north, close to the sea. The soil of this high 

 tract is sandy, partly covered with heath, partly wooded, and in some 

 places swampy. Beech is abundant, and there are many large 



To the north of it lies the most level portion of the region, which 

 extends to the vicinity of Warberg. In these parts the table-land of 

 Smiiland descends with a continuous declivity, which is only broken 

 by the water-courses, neatly to the sea-level, leaving between its base 

 and the shores a tract of undulating ground about 8 miles wide. Tho 

 soil, though inferior, yields barley, rye, and potatoes. The sl<>; 

 the hills at thu back of the undulating plain make good sheep-walks. 

 The northern districts of this region, from Warberg to the mouth of 

 the Giita Elf, have a much more broken surface, Kocky hills of 

 moderate elevation extend from the table-land nearly to the sea, and 

 between them are wide valleys sloping to the south-west, and partly 

 filled with long lakes. Most of the hills are covered with stunted 

 trees or with grass. Large numbers of sheep aud cattle are kept, 

 and also many horses, as the pasture-grounds are extensive. Only a 

 small portion of this tract is under cultivation, and it produces chiefly 

 rye and barley. 



12. The Kutithern Basin of Lake Wener extends over the wide 

 isthmus which separates the two lakes of Wener and Wetter, 

 Between 58 and 59 N. lat. On the west it borders on the < 

 The basin of Lake Wener is ^-ery limited on the east and west < in 

 the east tho Tifveden ridge, running parallel to iU eastern shore, in 

 only about 8 or 9 miles distant. On the west the stony masses of the 

 Itocky Region advance still nearer to the border of the lake. Towards 

 the south the basin of the lake extends about GO miles ; to the north 

 120 miles, this part being included in tho Region of the Aline.*. Tin- 

 southern basin of Lake Weuer is more than 80 miles in lentil, 

 south-west to north-east ; the width decreases from 70 miles in tho south 

 to about 10 miles under 59 N. lat. The greater part of this rc<;, 



on inclined plane, which descends northward towards the hike, with a 

 ;entle declivity, and on the east and south is surrounded by higher 

 and. At its most northern boundary the Tifveden ridge enters the 

 region, and between the lakes Skagern and Unden it runs south-west. 

 Hero it is about 550 feet above the sea-level, 416 feet above Like 

 Wener, and 263 feet above Lake Wetter. Soon afterwards it tnr:n 

 o the south, and is interrupted by a deep depression, containing Lake 

 Viken, which is only 296 feet above tho sea-level, or 1 1 feet above 

 -iake Wetter. South of Lake Viken tho ridge gradually rises higher, 

 and south of the middle of Lake Wetter it attains a general elevation 

 of 800 feet, and soon joins the table-land of Srniiloud. The northern 

 edge of this table-laud constitutes the southern boundary of the plain, 

 which descends from it gradually and with a gentle declivity north- 

 vard. On tho plain there are a few isolated mountains of considerable 

 teight, consisting of sandstone, limestone, and alum-slate. The J'.il- 

 ungcu, one of these heights, is nearly in the centre of this region, 

 north-east of tho Lake of lloruborga, aud is above 10 miles long, with 



