-41 



SWEDEN. 



SWEDEN. 



other places, and in Falu-Lan ; but the produce hardly pays the 

 expenses. Copper is more abundant. The richest mines are those 

 at Falun, in Falu-Lan ; next to them are those of Otvidaberg, hi Lin- 

 koping-LUn. Other copper-mines are worked in Westeras, in Oresund 

 near Mount Aresknta, and in Orebro, but their produce is small. 

 Lead-mines also are worked in Westeras and in Falu. Iron-ore is 

 found in nearly every district of Sweden, and there is no part where 

 it is not worked more or less, with the exception of the plain of 

 Scania, where it seems that no iron-ore exists. The richest iron-mules 

 are worked in that part of Sweden which has been noticed under the 

 name of the Region of the Mines. The mountains near Qellivare in 

 Pitea-Liiu, are composed entirely of iron-ore, containing from 70 to 

 80 per cent of metal ; but they are far from the sea, in a country 

 nearly uninhabited, and almost destitute of fuel. The best iron is 

 obtained from the mines of Dannemora in Upsala-Lan. Nearly the 

 whole of the produce, amounting annually to more than 3000 tons, 

 goes to England. But the largest quantities of iron are produced in 

 Carl-tad, Orebro, Qefle, Falu, and Westeras. In Orebro-Lan are rich 

 mines of cobalt ; others are found in Calmar and Xykoping-Lun, but 

 their produce is not great. Other mineral products are alum and 

 vitriol, which are found in small quantities ; brown coal, which is 

 worked near Cape Kullen in Scania : and marble. 



Inhabitant*. The bulk of the population are Swedes, a nation of 

 Teutonic origin. Besides the Swedes, there are Fins and Laplanders. 

 The Fins are numerous on the banks of the Tornea Elf. The Lap- 

 landers were formerly in possession of all Lapland, but many Swedes 

 and Fins have settled among them. They call themselves Sami, and 

 their country Samilanda. Though their language proves that they 

 are only a branch of the Finnish nations, they are distinguished 

 from them by the form of their body and their mode of life. Their 

 stature is short, varying in general between four and five feet Their 

 complexion is a dirty yellow ; face generally broad, nose short ; hair 

 rather black ; eyes brown, narrow, and lengthened ; and mouth small 

 The greater number live on the produce of their herds of reindeer, 

 which supply the Laplanders with food, dress, and articles of exchange. 

 They live on the milk and flesh of the reindeer, convert their skins 

 into dresses, and sell their smoked flesh, and especially their tongues, 

 which are considered a great dainty. These animals are also used in 

 drawing the sledges. The Laplanders live only in the country north 

 of 64' N. lat ; in winter they come with their herds to the lower 

 country near the Gulf of Bothnia, and in summer they migrate to 

 the Kiolen Mountains. 



At the end of 1750 the population of Sweden amounted to 

 1,785,727; in 1800 it reached 2,347,303; and at the end of 1850 it 

 was 3,482,541, distributed as shown in the following table, which 

 gives also the liins, or provinces, into which Sweden ii divided : 



This area, Increased by 8548 square miles of water not included in 

 the l.tn>, and the population column by 98,070, the number of the 

 inhabitants of Stockholm, the capital of the kingdom, gives the total 

 area 169,881 square miles, and the total population 3,482,511 as before 



lHvitiont and Taunt. Sweden Is divided into three great sections, 

 of which the most southern in called Qotalanrl, or Gota-Rike, the 

 central section more properly Sweden, or Swea-Rike, and the northern 

 Norrland. The towns of Sweden are very small. There are only 

 four or five towns whose population exceeds 10,000, and about a 

 down an inhabited by more than 4000. Most of the smaller towns 

 re inhabited by farmer*, a few tradesmen, and mechanics. 



I. OutolanJ, or Ovta-RAt, comprehends nearly the whole country 



south of 59 N. lat., and also that portion of the Region of the Mines 

 whose drainage runs southward into Lake Wener. It waa formerly 

 divided into ten provinces, and now contains 13 liins. The island of 

 Gothland constitutes part of it 



1. Skane, sometimes called Scania, or Schonen, extends over the 

 Plain of Scania, and the high ground which lies north of it, com- 

 prehending also a small portion of the table-land of Smaland. It is 

 divided into two lans, Malmo-Lan and Christianstads-Lan. 



a. Malmo-Liin extends over the south-western and best cultivated 

 portion : it contains three towns with more than 4000 inhabitants, 

 MALMO with above 9000; LUND with cboutSOOO; and Yttad, -which 

 is on the south coast, has a good harbour (with however a narrow 

 entrance), and about 4500 inhabitants, who carry on a brisk trade. 

 Steamboats plying to Stockholm, Liibeck, Kalmar, Stettin, Stralsund, 

 and Copenhagen, put in at Ystad. LANDSCRONA, on the Sound, is a 

 fortress, and has a good harbour. JleUinyborg is situated at the 

 narrowest part of the Sound, opposite Helsingor in Denmark, and has 

 a harbour, and about 3000 inhabitants, who manufacture hats, ribands, 

 and cast-iron pots. Steamers ply daily on the Sound between Helsiug- 

 borg and the Danish coast. The small island of Htcccn, in the Sound, 

 on which are still some ruins of the observatory of Tycho Brahe, 

 belongs to this Ian. A statue of the great astronomer has been 

 recently erected on the island by the Danes. 



b. Christianstads-Lan contains the eastern and northern mid less 

 fertile part of the plain of Scania, and a small portion of the table- 

 land of Smiiland. The capital is CHRISTIANS! AD. 



2. Bltkinyc contains the whole maritime region of Blekinge, with a 

 narrow strip of the table-land of Smiiland. It forms 



c. Carlskrona-La'n, which has for its capital CARLSKRONA, with 

 above 12,000 inhabitants. The most commercial town is CarUtamn, 

 with 4200 inhabitants, and a good harbour, from which steamers ply 

 to Stockholm. Sail-cloth, starch, and tobacco are manufactured, and 

 ships are built. 



3. Smaland comprehends nearly the whole of the table-land and 

 maritime region of Smaland. It is divided into three latiK, Calmar, 

 Wexiu, and Jonkoping. 



d. Calmar- Lun comprehends all the maritime region and a small 

 portion of the table-land. CALMAR, the chief town, is the subject of 

 a separate article. Watervit, farther north, has a good harbour, and 

 above 3000 inhabitants : it exports timber and the produce of the 

 cobalt-works in iU vicinity. Vessels also are built. The island of 

 Oland is included in this Ian, and has a population of about 35,000, 

 who are engaged chiefly in agriculture and in fishing. The largest 

 town is Euryholm, on the west side of the island : population 500. 

 The island is famous for its breed of small ponies; it abounds in 

 forests, in which are many deer, wild boars, and feathered game. It 

 is composed of a mass of limestone covered with fertile soil. It is 

 traversed by good roads, and contains some curious specimens of 

 antique church architecture. 



f. Wexiu-LUn extends over the southern and lower portion of the 

 table-land of Smaland. It is a poor country, but it has some mines 

 of iron. The capital, H'tn'ii, has 2000 inhabitants. Paper and hats 

 are made. 



/. Joukoping-Lun extends over the northern and more elevated 

 portion of the table-land : the soil is not much better than that of 

 Wexio-Lan, but the iron-mines are more considerable, especially those 

 at the Tabery. The capital, J&nkiipiny, is built at the southern 

 extremity of the Wetter Lake, and has above 4300 inhabitants, 

 and a considerable commerce with the countries that surround 

 the lake. There are an arsenal and a manufacture of arms. The 

 gold-mine of Adelforss is within this liin. 



4. Jlalland comprehends the maritime region of that name, and the 

 western declivity of the table-land of Smaland. It forms one liin. 



g. Halmstads-Lan has good forests and salmon-fisheries in the 

 riven. The capital, Halmttad, built at the mouth of the Nissa in 

 the Kattegat, has 2000 inhabitants, who export timber, pitch, tar, 

 and the produce of the mines of Jonkoping-Liin. 



5. Wattrn OOtaland comprehends the north-western portion of the 

 table-land of Smiiland, and its declivity in that direction to the banks 

 of the Gota-Elf, and also the plain south of Lake Wener. The 

 whole of Mariestad-Lan, the largest part of Wenersborg-Liin, and a 

 small part of Ooteborg-Lan, are hi this province. 



A. Mariestad-Lan comprehends the greater part of the plain south 

 of Lake Wener, and is fertile, well cultivated, and populous. It 

 has some iron-mines and alum-works at Mount Kinne-Kulle, 

 and glass-works. The capital, Mariatad, is on the shore of Lake 

 Wener, not far from the pine-clad Kinne-Kulle, and has 1673 

 inhabitants. 



t. Wenersborg-Liin extends over the western and smaller part of 

 the plain couth of Lake Wener, the north-western part of the table- 

 land of Smaland, and the eastern part of the valley of the (Jota-Hlf. 

 It contains the province of Dolsland. The chief town, Wenenborg, 

 is built near the efflux of the Gota-Elf from Lake Wener. The 

 population is 2500, who carry on a good trade in deals, iron, and 

 otbrr products. Steamers that ply between Gotcborg and Stockholm 

 by the (lota Canal put in at Wenersborg. 



6. Bohutland extends over the western and more sterile portion of 

 the rocky region. It forms the greatest part of Gutolwrgs-L.m. 



