TVJ 



TARARE, PASS OF. 



TARN. 



798 



It carries on some trade by sea in small craft, and has some manu- 

 factures of linen and of gloves and other articles from ' pinna marina.' 

 A part of the population is employed in fishing. Excellent oysters 

 are found on the coast. The inner port is nearly filled up, but the 

 outer or large port is accessible to vessels of good size, and is pro- 

 tected by two islands which are situated at the mouth. The large 

 gulf which lies between the coast of Calabria and the lapygian 

 peninsula is called the Gulf of Taranto. Two shore lakes, one of them 

 of considerable extent, which lie south-east of the town, yield a great 

 quantity of salt by evaporation. 



Ancient Tarentum, the principal Greek city on the east coast of 

 Italy, is said to have been originally a town of the Messapians, which 

 Phalantus and the Parthemre took about B.c. 694. Tarentum, after 

 many struggles with neighbouring cities and peoples, gamed great 

 prosperity by commerce, and acquired a considerable extent of 

 territory. Archytas, a native of Tarentum, is said to have compiled 

 a body of laws for the Tarentines. 



About B.C. 388 the Tarentines, beinp engaged in war with their 

 neighbours the Lucanians, applied to Sparta for assistance. Arclii- 

 damns, the son of Agesilaus, was sent to them, and he was killed in 

 fighting on their side. Some years after, being hard pressed by the 

 Lucanians and Bruttii, the Tarentines applied to Alexander, king of 

 Epirus, and ancle to Alexander the Great. He came to Italy with 

 troops, obtained considerable advantages, but was at last surprised and 

 killed by the Bruttii near Pandosia, B.C. 328. (Justin, xit 2 ; Livy, 

 viii. 24.) The Tarentines had by this time degenerated. (.Elian, 

 ' Var. Hist.,' xii 30.) 



In the year B.C. 282 the Romans, after having conquered the Sam- 

 nites, made war upon the Lucanians. The Tarentines, jealous of the 

 encroachment* of Rome, unexpectedly attacked the Roman fleet, 

 which was sailing near their coast, and killed a great many of the 

 crew. The Romans sent commissioners to demand reparation for the 

 outrage, but the Tarentines treated them with insult. Aroused how- 

 ever to a sense of their danger, they applied to Pyrrhus, king of 

 Epirus, for assistance, and sent vessels to convey him over with his 

 troops, B.C. 281. Pyrrhus soon found that the Tarentines were too 

 effeminate to give him much support. Chiefly with his own troops he 

 carried on the war against Rome for several years, but was at last 

 defeated by the consul M. Cnrius Dentatns, and obliged to re-embark 

 for Epirus, leaving however a garrison in Tarentum, B.C. 275. The 

 Tarentines having shortly after quarrelled with the Epirote garrison, 

 applied to the Carthaginians for assistance to drive away the Epirotes. 

 The Romans having had notice of this, sent the consul L. Papirius 

 Cursor, who took Tarentum, and allowed the Epirote garrison to 

 return home. Tarentum was thenceforward styled an ally of Rome 

 till after the battle of Canute, when the Tarentines entered into some 

 intrigues with Hannibal. 



In the year B.C. 212 the hostages of the Tarentines ran away from 

 Rome, but being punued and overtaken near Terracina, they were 

 brought back, and after being beaten with rods were thrown down the 

 Tarpeinn rock. This cruel punishment irritated the people of 

 Tarentum ; an agreement was made with Hannibal, and his troops 

 were admitted into the city by night. The Roman garrison stationed 

 in the citadel was besieged by sea and by land. In B.C. 209 the 

 con-ul Q. Fibius Maximus retook Tarentum by surprise, and his 

 soldiers plundered the city. 



From that time Tarentum remained in subjection to Rome, and 

 although it greatly declined in wealth and importance, it was still a 

 considerable place in the time of Augustus. It was one of the chief 

 strongholds of the Byzantine emperors in Southern Italy. About 

 A.D. 774 Romauldus, the Loogobard duke of Bneventum, took 

 Tarentum from the Byzantine*. The Saracens landed at Tarentum 

 about A.D. 830. The town was afterwards several times taken and 

 retaken and sacked, and it was during this period that the old town 

 on the mainland was abandoned, and thn inhabitants retired to the 

 island. In the llth century it was taken by the Normans, and Robert 

 Gniscard made his son Bohemund prince of Tarentum. 



TARARF,, PASS OF. fR H 6iiK, Department of.] 



T A R A SCON-SUR-RHO X E. [BoucHES-DC-RuoJ. F_] 



TAl:.\Z"NK. [ARAOON.l 



TARBAOALAI MOUNTAINS. [ALTAI MOCSTAIXS.] 



TAKI'.KKT. [K.ERRT.] 



TA I! MKs. [PTRKXEES, HACTES.] 



TAKKNTUM. [TAR.VSTO.] 



TARIFA. [SEVirxA.] 



TARIYANI. [BOOTAJ,-.] 



TARKI. [DAGHKTAlf.] 



TARMA. [PEMIA.] 



TARN, a river in France, rises near Mont Lozcre, in Ike department 

 r.f l.ozere, and flows first west to Sainte-Enimip, in the tame depart- 

 ment, 27 miles, and then south-west 27 miles to Mil ban, in the 

 department of Aveyron ; from thence west-8outh-we*t 88 miles, by 

 Alt>y and Gaillac, in the department of Tam, to St.-Snl^ice; and 

 thence 48 mile* north-west and west by Mantauban (department 

 of Ttrn-et-Garonne) into the Garonne below Moissac. The navigation, 

 .ng at Alby, tins a length of about 90 miles. 



TARN, .1 department in the south of Franco, is bounded N. by that 

 of Aveyron, E. by that of Hcrault, a by that of Aude, and W. by 



Haute-Garonne and Tarn-et-Garonne. The extreme length from 

 north-west to south-east is 65 miles ; the breadth is 46 miles. The 

 area is 2218 square miles. The population in 1851 amounted to 

 363,073, giving nearly 164 inhabitants to a square mile. 



The department is very mountainous in the south-east part, where 

 it comprehends a portion of the Cevennes. A range of hills branching 

 off from this chain, and running nearly parallel to it, crosses the 

 north-west part of the department, skirting the valley of the Tarn ; 

 and there are some other ranges of les elevation and importance. 

 The eastern side of the department is chiefly occupied by the granitic 

 or other primary, or by the earlier secondary formation?. West of 

 thi district the tertiary formations prevail. In the north and south 

 of the department the secondary formations crop out in a few places 

 from beneath the tertiary rocks. The mineral products are coal, iron, 

 lead, copper, marble, gypsum, porcelain, and pottera'-clay. 



The department belongs entirely to the basin of the Garonne. The 

 TARN flows westward to Alby and then south-west to the junction of 

 the Agont, shortly after which it quits the department to enter that 

 of Haute-Garonne. Just above Alby the Tarn has a fall, or rather 

 a series of falls, over the steep face of a limestone rock : this fall is 

 called Saut-dn-Tarn. The tributaries of the Tarn which belong to 

 this department are the Aveyron, the Tescou, and the Agout. None 

 of them, except the Aveyron, is navigable. 



There are in the department, 5 imperial, 28 departmental, and 

 25 communal roads. 



About one-half of the surface is under the plough. The soil, 

 except in the mountainous parts, is generally fertile ; but agriculture 

 is in a backward state. The produce in wheat, barley, oats, rye, 

 maUe, and buckwheat, leaves a surplus for exportation. Pulse, flax, 

 hemp, aniseed, coriander, woad, and saffron are grown. The meadow 

 and grass lands may be estimated at about 100,000 acres, and the 

 heaths, commons, and other open pastures nt 150,000 acres. The 

 valleys and the slopes of tlie hills afford good pasturage, aud the 

 breeding of cattle is one of the principal sources of the wealth of the 

 department. Sheep aud pigs are numerous, and the veal is in high 

 repute. The vineyards occupy nearly 80,000 acres ; the cultivation 

 of the vine is very carefully and skilfully managed, but none of the 

 wine* are of first-rate eminence. The woodlands occupy 200,000 

 acres; the oak, the beech, the ash, the maple, the chestnut, the walnut, 

 the mulberry, and the wild cherry-tree are common. 



Bees are numerous, and silk-worms are bred. Tho wild boar, the 

 roebuck, the wolf, the fox, the badger, the polecat, and the hedgehog 

 are found ; and small game Is tolerably abundant. 



The department is divided into four arrondisscments, which, with 

 their population and subdivisions, are as follows : 



1. In the first arrondissement are Atsr, the capital of tbo 

 department, which is described in a ceparatc article ; Pampelonne, 

 N. of Albi, on the Viaur, population 2025 ; and Bcalmont, a well-built 

 town, 10 miles S. from Albi, with about 3000 inhabitants in tlio 

 commune. 



2. In the second arrondissement are CASTBES ; Bratsac, on the 

 Agont, population 2055; Anglo, 14 miles E. from Castres, population 

 2785 ; La-Brugitre, on the Taure', population 3656 in the commune ; 

 I/a-Ccmne, population 3965 in the commune ; Vabret, on the Gijou, 

 population 2529 ; Douryne, 2250 inhabitants ; Lauli-ec, N.W. of 

 Cash-en, population 3467; Mazamcl, a considerable town, with a 

 population of about 9700 in the commune, engaged largely in the 

 manufacture of woollen goods; Montrtdon, 16 miles N.N.E. from 

 Castres, population 5213 ; Mura>, 290S inhabitants; and Roquecourbc, 

 population 2053, engaged in the manufacture of hosiery and woollen, 

 cloth. 



3. In the third arrondisaement tho chief town is Qaitlac, a largo 

 ill-built place with a college, tribunal of first instance, ami 

 inhabitants in the commune. It is situated on the right bank of the 

 Tarn. It is an old town without any striking public buildings ; there 

 an an hospital and a small theatre. East of the town is a suburb, 

 well laid out and pleasantly situated. There are brandy-distilleries 

 and cooperages, and one or two tan-yards, dye-houses, and yards for 

 building boats and other river-craft. Trade is carried on in corn, 

 wine, and vegetables. C'ordet, a mediaeval town, built on a conical 

 hill, 13 miles N. from Gaillac, has 2779 inhabitants. L i 'lc-ct 'Ally, ou 

 the right bank of the Tarn, is a small town, with a 7>lace or square 

 regul.irly laid out and adorned with a fountain. Considerable trade 



(I on ID corn and wine. Population of tho commune 49,11. 

 Jtaktateni, in a fertile plain on the right bank of the Tarn, ia an ill- 

 lald-out and Ill-built town, 11 miles S.W. from Gaillac, and has 5825 

 inhabitants, who manufacture blankets, and trade in com, wine, aud 

 fruits. Ctulelnatt-de-Montmirail, a considerable market-town, situated 



